{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414115194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765735","title":"Applications and Challenges of Fairness APIs in Machine Learning Software","display_name":"Applications and Challenges of Fairness APIs in Machine Learning Software","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414115194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765735"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3765735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765735","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3765735","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3765735","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101391343","display_name":"Ajoy Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1769-2704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajoy Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","DISA Lab, University of Calgary, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1769-2704","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISA Lab, University of Calgary, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067154597","display_name":"Gias Uddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1376-095X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gias Uddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","DISA Lab, York University and University of Calgary, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1376-095X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISA Lab, York University and University of Calgary, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969","https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061607255","display_name":"Shaiful Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2301-6104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46247651","display_name":"University of Manitoba","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfys938","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaiful Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["CS, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada","University of Manitoba, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2301-6104","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CS, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Manitoba, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045518027","display_name":"Mostafijur Rahman Akhond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4902-4858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mostafijur Rahman Akhond","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","DISA Lab, York University, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4902-4858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISA Lab, York University, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070634219","display_name":"Hadi Hemmati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0204-9812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadi Hemmati","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","SEA Lab, University of Calgary, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0204-9812","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SEA Lab, University of Calgary, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21613793,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"6","first_page":"1","last_page":"47"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9801999926567078,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9193000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/troubleshooting","display_name":"Troubleshooting","score":0.883899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5741999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ask-price","display_name":"Ask price","score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-peer-review","display_name":"Software peer review","score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.29660001397132874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147494362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2078905","display_name":"Troubleshooting","level":2,"score":0.883899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5741999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5400999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90329073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914232","display_name":"Ask price","level":2,"score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74579156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554342","display_name":"Software peer review","level":5,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3765735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765735","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3765735","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3765735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765735","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3765735","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414115194.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996118086","https://openalex.org/W2097246321","https://openalex.org/W2116984840","https://openalex.org/W2118283821","https://openalex.org/W2218021565","https://openalex.org/W2344540174","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2606882704","https://openalex.org/W2750779823","https://openalex.org/W2804927761","https://openalex.org/W2809878087","https://openalex.org/W2893425640","https://openalex.org/W2914747561","https://openalex.org/W2914825488","https://openalex.org/W2963116854","https://openalex.org/W2964031043","https://openalex.org/W3014011525","https://openalex.org/W3120394327","https://openalex.org/W3128630643","https://openalex.org/W3134678353","https://openalex.org/W3173291597","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W3194979994","https://openalex.org/W3196248941","https://openalex.org/W3198375663","https://openalex.org/W4231288918","https://openalex.org/W4238124605","https://openalex.org/W4253752119","https://openalex.org/W4255108598","https://openalex.org/W4289258088","https://openalex.org/W4300867262","https://openalex.org/W4386564360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"Learning":[1],"(ML)":[2],"software":[3,58,191],"systems":[4,15,35],"are":[5,16,63,86,93,128,141,162],"frequently":[6,177],"used":[7,17,87,124,142],"in":[8,18,78,88,133,165,198],"our":[9],"day-to-day":[10],"lives.":[11],"Some":[12],"of":[13,100,119,173],"these":[14,33,81,101,108,139],"various":[19],"sensitive":[20],"environments":[21],"to":[22,30,76,130],"make":[23,38],"life-changing":[24],"decisions.":[25],"Therefore,":[26],"it":[27],"is":[28],"crucial":[29],"ensure":[31],"that":[32,49,127,138,160],"AI/ML":[34],"do":[36],"not":[37,163],"any":[39,43],"discriminatory":[40],"decisions":[41],"for":[42,143,179,188,195],"specific":[44],"groups":[45],"or":[46],"populations.":[47],"In":[48,68],"vein,":[50],"different":[51],"bias":[52,132,166],"detection":[53,167],"and":[54,66,95,106,149,168,176,181,194],"mitigation":[55],"open":[56,82],"source":[57,83],"libraries":[59],"(aka":[60],"API":[61],"libraries)":[62],"being":[64],"developed":[65,129],"used.":[67],"this":[69],"article,":[70],"we":[71],"conduct":[72],"a":[73,117],"qualitative":[74],"study":[75,158],"understand":[77],"what":[79,96],"scenarios":[80],"fairness":[84],"APIs":[85,102,126,140],"the":[89,98],"wild,":[90],"how":[91],"they":[92,170],"used,":[94],"challenges":[97],"developers":[99,161],"face":[103,171],"while":[104],"developing":[105,199],"adopting":[107],"libraries.":[109],"We":[110,136],"have":[111],"analyzed":[112],"204":[113],"GitHub":[114],"repositories":[115],"(from":[116],"list":[118],"1,885":[120],"candidate":[121],"repositories)":[122],"which":[123],"13":[125],"address":[131],"ML":[134],"software.":[135],"found":[137],"two":[144],"primary":[145],"purposes":[146],"(i.e.,":[147],"learning":[148],"solving":[150],"real-world":[151],"problems),":[152],"targeting":[153],"17":[154],"unique":[155],"use-cases.":[156],"Our":[157,183],"suggests":[159],"well-versed":[164],"mitigation;":[169],"lots":[172],"troubleshooting":[174],"issues,":[175],"ask":[178],"opinions":[180],"resources.":[182],"findings":[184],"can":[185],"be":[186],"instrumental":[187],"future":[189],"bias-related":[190],"engineering":[192],"research,":[193],"guiding":[196],"educators":[197],"more":[200],"state-of-the-art":[201],"curricula.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
