{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165383370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765611.3815137","title":"FlowGuard: Flow Matching for Identity-Independent Detection of Data-Free Model Stealing Attacks on Energy System Intrusion Detection Systems","display_name":"FlowGuard: Flow Matching for Identity-Independent Detection of Data-Free Model Stealing Attacks on Energy System Intrusion Detection Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165383370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765611.3815137"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3765611.3815137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765611.3815137","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 ACM Sustainability Week","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765611.3815137","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120450562","display_name":"Maxime Schwarzer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxime Schwarzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Thales Deutschland GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2435-9395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Thales Deutschland GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135891435","display_name":"Laurin Holz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7638-098X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123028","display_name":"Thales (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/031xjr712","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurin Holz","raw_affiliation_strings":["CortAIx Labs, Thales Deutschland, Ditzingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7638-098X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CortAIx Labs, Thales Deutschland, Ditzingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001496560","display_name":"Tobias H\u00fcrten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2121-0810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123028","display_name":"Thales (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/031xjr712","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Huerten","raw_affiliation_strings":["CortAIx Labs, Thales Deutschland, Ditzingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2121-0810","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CortAIx Labs, Thales Deutschland, Ditzingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044449306","display_name":"Johannes F. Loevenich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8149-1600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123028","display_name":"Thales (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/031xjr712","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Loevenich","raw_affiliation_strings":["CortAIx Labs, Thales Deutschland, Ditzingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8149-1600","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CortAIx Labs, Thales Deutschland, Ditzingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138989682","display_name":"Thies Moehlenhof","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7696-3786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123028","display_name":"Thales (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/031xjr712","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thies Moehlenhof","raw_affiliation_strings":["CortAIx Labs, Thales Deutschland, Ditzingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7696-3786","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CortAIx Labs, Thales Deutschland, Ditzingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091404899","display_name":"Roberto Rigolin F. Lopes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0114-5610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123028","display_name":"Thales (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/031xjr712","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Rigolin","raw_affiliation_strings":["CortAIx Labs, Thales Deutschland, Ditzingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0114-5610","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CortAIx Labs, Thales Deutschland, Ditzingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014228448","display_name":"Veit Hagenmeyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3572-9083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Veit Hagenmeyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3572-9083","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"25","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9138000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9138000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.02539999969303608,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.0210999995470047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6123999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.43479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.42739999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.3440999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.2732999920845032}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6341000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6123999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.43479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.42739999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3912000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3440999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137524506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2247688","display_name":"Anomaly-based intrusion detection system","level":3,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.24899999797344208}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3765611.3815137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765611.3815137","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 ACM Sustainability Week","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3765611.3815137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765611.3815137","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 ACM Sustainability Week","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2603766943","https://openalex.org/W2963303354","https://openalex.org/W2969695741","https://openalex.org/W2973414778","https://openalex.org/W3035379805","https://openalex.org/W3174136778","https://openalex.org/W4283264245","https://openalex.org/W4382317858","https://openalex.org/W4395693568","https://openalex.org/W4406011950","https://openalex.org/W4409346714","https://openalex.org/W7133214646"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"Intelligence":[1],"(AI)-based":[2],"Intrusion":[3],"Detection":[4],"Systems":[5],"(IDS)":[6],"deployed":[7],"in":[8,103,133],"energy":[9],"infrastructure":[10],"are":[11],"vulnerable":[12],"to":[13,20,53,76,145,179],"model":[14,28,90],"theft":[15],"attacks,":[16],"which":[17,36,50],"allow":[18],"adversaries":[19],"create":[21],"evasive":[22],"traffic":[23],"offline.":[24],"Current":[25],"defences":[26],"against":[27,39,124],"extraction":[29],"rely":[30],"either":[31],"on":[32,44,65,117,163],"identity-bound":[33],"query":[34],"monitoring,":[35],"is":[37,51],"ineffective":[38],"distributed":[40,136],"attackers":[41],"(Sybil),":[42],"or":[43],"prediction":[45],"poisoning":[46],"through":[47],"soft-label":[48],"perturbation,":[49],"inapplicable":[52],"hard-label":[54],"IDS":[55,77],"deployments.":[56],"Therefore,":[57],"we":[58],"propose":[59],"FlowGuard,":[60],"an":[61],"identity-independent":[62],"defence":[63,152],"based":[64],"flow":[66],"matching":[67],"that":[68,84,113],"classifies":[69],"incoming":[70],"queries":[71,85],"as":[72],"out-of-distribution":[73],"(OOD)":[74],"prior":[75],"processing.":[78],"This":[79,101],"approach":[80],"exploits":[81],"the":[82,148,168,173],"fact":[83],"generated":[86],"synthetically":[87],"for":[88],"data-free":[89],"stealing":[91],"attacks":[92,132],"occupy":[93],"a":[94,109,154],"lower-dimensional":[95],"manifold":[96],"than":[97],"real":[98],"network":[99],"traffic.":[100],"results":[102],"measurably":[104],"lower":[105],"log-likelihoods":[106],"when":[107,147],"using":[108,128],"Continuous":[110],"Normalizing":[111],"Flow":[112],"has":[114],"been":[115],"trained":[116],"legitimate":[118],"data.":[119],"We":[120,166],"evaluate":[121],"our":[122,151],"method":[123],"PRADA":[125],"and":[126,130,135,170,175],"FDINet":[127],"MAZE":[129],"DisGUIDE":[131],"single-client":[134],"(100-client":[137],"Sybil)":[138],"settings.":[139],"While":[140],"PRADA\u2019s":[141],"detection":[142,156],"rate":[143,157],"dropped":[144],"0%":[146],"distribution":[149],"changed,":[150],"maintained":[153],"stable":[155],"across":[158],"both":[159],"settings":[160],"without":[161],"relying":[162],"identity":[164],"information.":[165],"discuss":[167],"scope":[169],"limitations":[171],"of":[172],"approach,":[174],"outline":[176],"potential":[177],"applications":[178],"data-dependent":[180],"attacks.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-06-20T00:00:00"}
