{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417335731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3764919.3770875","title":"GBA-UBF: A Large-Scale and Fine-Grained Building Function Classification Dataset in the Greater Bay Area","display_name":"GBA-UBF: A Large-Scale and Fine-Grained Building Function Classification Dataset in the Greater Bay Area","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417335731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3764919.3770875"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3764919.3770875","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3764919.3770875","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Spatial Big Data and AI for Industrial Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chunsong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6465-938X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunsong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6465-938X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010602315","display_name":"Yuan-Sheng Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1643-1187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yichen Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1643-1187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029199151","display_name":"Huan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3489-7705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3489-7705","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Junlin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5469-5019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junlin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5469-5019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069034109","display_name":"Ricky K.Y. Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8779-7646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8779-7646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108258586","display_name":"Qiuying Lai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6242-5210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiushen Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6242-5210","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100374691","display_name":"Yiping Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1465-6599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiping Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1465-6599","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103286073","display_name":"Ting Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9474-8337"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9474-8337","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34867367,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"23","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.38679999113082886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.38679999113082886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.07100000232458115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":0.06030000001192093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.5831999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.4715999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.44339999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granularity","display_name":"Granularity","score":0.43479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bay","display_name":"Bay","score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-of-interest","display_name":"Point of interest","score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.3384000062942505}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6376000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.5831999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5134000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.4715999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.44339999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.43479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115880899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124247","display_name":"Bay","level":2,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150140777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q960648","display_name":"Point of interest","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3384000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132943942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511","display_name":"Footprint","level":2,"score":0.33550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136085584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910289","display_name":"Overlay","level":2,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203689450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2302053","display_name":"Spatial database","level":3,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3764919.3770875","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3764919.3770875","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Spatial Big Data and AI for Industrial Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8359015589","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42371343","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1550862748","https://openalex.org/W2001510610","https://openalex.org/W2006929658","https://openalex.org/W2042420536","https://openalex.org/W2607558879","https://openalex.org/W2743860013","https://openalex.org/W2754939259","https://openalex.org/W2780131217","https://openalex.org/W2803620309","https://openalex.org/W2898183913","https://openalex.org/W2911555398","https://openalex.org/W2942269827","https://openalex.org/W2947969980","https://openalex.org/W2996079839","https://openalex.org/W3002949547","https://openalex.org/W3021167903","https://openalex.org/W3036096213","https://openalex.org/W3072767238","https://openalex.org/W3093262498","https://openalex.org/W3106390235","https://openalex.org/W3113012602","https://openalex.org/W3118899681","https://openalex.org/W3135065966","https://openalex.org/W3185297562","https://openalex.org/W3187883086","https://openalex.org/W3189615607","https://openalex.org/W3197943752","https://openalex.org/W3209988630","https://openalex.org/W3215166570","https://openalex.org/W3217298935","https://openalex.org/W4282924243","https://openalex.org/W4323313704","https://openalex.org/W4376864198","https://openalex.org/W4382477149","https://openalex.org/W4392624871","https://openalex.org/W4392887604","https://openalex.org/W4402045389","https://openalex.org/W4410550462"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rapid":[0],"urbanization":[1],"in":[2,34],"the":[3,43,129,167,182,201,219,231],"Guangdong-Hong":[4],"Kong-Macao":[5],"Greater":[6,44],"Bay":[7,45],"Area":[8,46],"(GBA)":[9],"has":[10],"created":[11],"urgent":[12],"demand":[13],"for":[14,196],"high-resolution,":[15],"building-level":[16,197],"functional":[17,61,198],"data":[18,220],"to":[19,63],"support":[20],"sustainable":[21],"spatial":[22,101],"planning.":[23],"Existing":[24],"land":[25,205],"use":[26,206],"datasets":[27],"suffer":[28],"from":[29,230],"coarse":[30,204],"granularity":[31],"and":[32,89,114,140,170,186,208,218,225],"difficulty":[33],"capturing":[35],"intra-block":[36],"heterogeneity.":[37],"To":[38,123],"this":[39],"end,":[40],"we":[41,127],"present":[42],"Urban":[47],"Building":[48,77,130],"Function":[49,78,131],"Dataset":[50],"(GBA-UBF),":[51],"a":[52,75,93,157,193],"large-scale,":[53],"fine-grained":[54,209],"dataset":[55,169,191,213],"that":[56,150,165],"assigns":[57],"one":[58],"of":[59,85,159,166],"five":[60],"categories":[62],"nearly":[64],"four":[65],"million":[66],"buildings":[67],"across":[68],"six":[69],"core":[70],"GBA":[71],"cities.":[72],"We":[73],"proposed":[74],"Multi-level":[76],"Optimization":[79],"(ML-BFO)":[80],"method":[81],"by":[82,119],"integrating":[83],"Points":[84],"Interest":[86],"(POI)":[87],"records":[88],"building":[90],"footprints":[91],"through":[92],"three-stage":[94],"pipeline:":[95],"(1)":[96],"candidate":[97],"label":[98,112],"generation":[99],"using":[100],"overlay":[102],"with":[103,156,174],"proximity":[104],"weighting,":[105],"(2)":[106],"iterative":[107],"refinement":[108],"based":[109,227],"on":[110,228],"neighborhood":[111],"autocorrelation,":[113],"(3)":[115],"function-related":[116],"correction":[117],"informed":[118],"High-level":[120],"POI":[121],"buffers.":[122],"quantitatively":[124],"validate":[125],"results,":[126],"design":[128],"Matching":[132],"Index":[133],"(BFMI),":[134],"which":[135],"jointly":[136],"measures":[137],"categorical":[138],"consistency":[139],"distributional":[141],"similarity":[142],"against":[143],"POI-derived":[144],"probability":[145],"heatmaps.":[146],"Comparative":[147],"experiments":[148],"demonstrate":[149],"GBA-UBF":[151,190],"achieves":[152],"significantly":[153],"higher":[154],"accuracy,":[155],"BMFI":[158],"0.58.":[160],"This":[161],"value":[162],"markedly":[163],"exceeds":[164],"baseline":[168],"exhibits":[171],"superior":[172],"alignment":[173],"urban":[175,210],"activity":[176],"patterns.":[177],"Field":[178],"validation":[179],"further":[180],"confirms":[181],"dataset's":[183],"semantic":[184],"reliability":[185],"practical":[187],"interpretability.":[188],"The":[189,212],"establishes":[192],"reproducible":[194],"framework":[195],"classification,":[199],"bridging":[200],"gap":[202],"between":[203],"maps":[207],"analytics.":[211],"is":[214],"accessible":[215],"at":[216],"https://github.com/chenchs0629/GBA-UBF,":[217],"will":[221],"undergo":[222],"continuous":[223],"improvement":[224],"updates":[226],"feedback":[229],"community.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-12-15T00:00:00"}