{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413941679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3764579","title":"Domain Specialization as the Key to Make Large Language Models Disruptive: A Comprehensive Survey","display_name":"Domain Specialization as the Key to Make Large Language Models Disruptive: A Comprehensive Survey","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413941679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3764579"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3764579","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3764579","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3764579","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3764579","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101819448","display_name":"Chen Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8044-6026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chen Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Emory University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036221931","display_name":"Xujiang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4950-4018"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xujiang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories America Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories America Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091774355","display_name":"Jiaying Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9052-6951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaying Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Emory University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006452312","display_name":"Chengyuan Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2586-3430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengyuan Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers The State University of New Jersey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers The State University of New Jersey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101539864","display_name":"Can Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1532-0712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Can Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100619909","display_name":"Junxiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6635-4296"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junxiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories America Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories America Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095886498","display_name":"Tanmoy Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3421-2410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanmoy Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051497691","display_name":"Yun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3205-8464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033157677","display_name":"Hejie Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6388-2619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hejie Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Emory University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038940425","display_name":"Xuchao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1492-0476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuchao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114054642","display_name":"Tianjiao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1274-626X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55884533","display_name":"BlackRock (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/031dc4703","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55884533"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianjiao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["BlackRock Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BlackRock Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55884533"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092073404","display_name":"Amit Panalkar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55884533","display_name":"BlackRock (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/031dc4703","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55884533"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Panalkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["BlackRock Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BlackRock Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55884533"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056701307","display_name":"Dhagash Mehta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1040-9032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800104224","display_name":"Blackstone (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01q74hp50","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800104224"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dhagash Mehta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Black Rock Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Black Rock Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800104224"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030132224","display_name":"Stefano Pasquali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8005-3207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55884533","display_name":"BlackRock (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/031dc4703","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55884533"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Pasquali","raw_affiliation_strings":["BlackRock Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BlackRock Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55884533"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037724644","display_name":"Wei Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5456-626X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories America Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories America Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032698563","display_name":"Haoyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3604-4799"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories America Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories America Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101594832","display_name":"Yanchi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4396-5139"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanchi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories America Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories America Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075127080","display_name":"Zhengzhang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6803-0535"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengzhang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories America Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories America Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100456786","display_name":"Haifeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9363-738X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haifeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories America Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories America Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034323791","display_name":"Chris White","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris White","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories America Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories America Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051448391","display_name":"Quanquan Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9830-793X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quanquan Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Los Angeles"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062247330","display_name":"Jian Pei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2200-8711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Pei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006897094","display_name":"Carl Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9145-4531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carl Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Emory University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048756500","display_name":"Liang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2648-9989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Emory University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Emory University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":24,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101819448"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":74.1416,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99917605,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"39"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9387999773025513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8747341632843018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6984644532203674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.49375399947166443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4885881841182709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-specific-language","display_name":"Domain-specific language","score":0.4350319504737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.23226884007453918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.19396254420280457}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8747341632843018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6984644532203674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.49375399947166443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4885881841182709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135257023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691358","display_name":"Domain-specific language","level":2,"score":0.4350319504737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.23226884007453918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.19396254420280457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3764579","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3764579","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3764579","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3764579","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3764579","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3764579","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413941679.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413941679.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":103,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W128638292","https://openalex.org/W2594899909","https://openalex.org/W2607303097","https://openalex.org/W2750779823","https://openalex.org/W2899575547","https://openalex.org/W2963026768","https://openalex.org/W2970925270","https://openalex.org/W2985884876","https://openalex.org/W3011574394","https://openalex.org/W3027879771","https://openalex.org/W3088409176","https://openalex.org/W3099793224","https://openalex.org/W3099950029","https://openalex.org/W3101498587","https://openalex.org/W3102659883","https://openalex.org/W3104215796","https://openalex.org/W3152884768","https://openalex.org/W3153427360","https://openalex.org/W3153675281","https://openalex.org/W3156470785","https://openalex.org/W3175604467","https://openalex.org/W3176828726","https://openalex.org/W3177323791","https://openalex.org/W3185341429","https://openalex.org/W3186138538","https://openalex.org/W3205717164","https://openalex.org/W3206816211","https://openalex.org/W4205807230","https://openalex.org/W4205991051","https://openalex.org/W4221157571","https://openalex.org/W4224307896","https://openalex.org/W4225590069","https://openalex.org/W4226278401","https://openalex.org/W4226365369","https://openalex.org/W4280534475","https://openalex.org/W4281657280","https://openalex.org/W4282961290","https://openalex.org/W4285247752","https://openalex.org/W4287122359","https://openalex.org/W4287122891","https://openalex.org/W4287891024","https://openalex.org/W4309674289","https://openalex.org/W4313485929","https://openalex.org/W4317898791","https://openalex.org/W4318699542","https://openalex.org/W4322628582","https://openalex.org/W4323967434","https://openalex.org/W4364320763","https://openalex.org/W4365597191","https://openalex.org/W4365817417","https://openalex.org/W4366597729","https://openalex.org/W4372219079","https://openalex.org/W4380609152","https://openalex.org/W4381587418","https://openalex.org/W4382240064","https://openalex.org/W4382246105","https://openalex.org/W4385443313","https://openalex.org/W4385567149","https://openalex.org/W4385567216","https://openalex.org/W4385570326","https://openalex.org/W4385571011","https://openalex.org/W4385571831","https://openalex.org/W4385572634","https://openalex.org/W4385572883","https://openalex.org/W4385573164","https://openalex.org/W4385573520","https://openalex.org/W4385573646","https://openalex.org/W4385573776","https://openalex.org/W4385988359","https://openalex.org/W4386566605","https://openalex.org/W4386566659","https://openalex.org/W4386566783","https://openalex.org/W4386566893","https://openalex.org/W4387356888","https://openalex.org/W4387835442","https://openalex.org/W4388543952","https://openalex.org/W4388626886","https://openalex.org/W4388778348","https://openalex.org/W4389518860","https://openalex.org/W4389518895","https://openalex.org/W4389520065","https://openalex.org/W4389523706","https://openalex.org/W4390722831","https://openalex.org/W4390810205","https://openalex.org/W4390872747","https://openalex.org/W4392669753","https://openalex.org/W4402565126","https://openalex.org/W4402582321","https://openalex.org/W4402665833","https://openalex.org/W4402671152","https://openalex.org/W4402683980","https://openalex.org/W4404594861","https://openalex.org/W4404780784","https://openalex.org/W4404783592","https://openalex.org/W4404792869","https://openalex.org/W4405017570","https://openalex.org/W4405114800","https://openalex.org/W4406267416","https://openalex.org/W4410486519","https://openalex.org/W4411120544","https://openalex.org/W4411990406","https://openalex.org/W4412609352","https://openalex.org/W4412888988"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2057033141","https://openalex.org/W4252103056","https://openalex.org/W2917823318","https://openalex.org/W2917572814","https://openalex.org/W4242858628","https://openalex.org/W2979406678","https://openalex.org/W2915857720","https://openalex.org/W2916715723","https://openalex.org/W3006129753","https://openalex.org/W2085476653"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1,11,86,158,166],"models":[2,87],"(LLMs)":[3],"have":[4],"significantly":[5],"advanced":[6],"the":[7,42,47,52,58,61,75,112,177,183,189,193,235],"field":[8,119],"of":[9,24,44,49,54,60,115,120,211],"natural":[10],"processing":[12],"(NLP),":[13],"providing":[14],"a":[15,21,100,129,149,172],"highly":[16],"useful,":[17],"task-agnostic":[18],"foundation":[19],"for":[20,126,156,164,191],"wide":[22],"range":[23],"applications.":[25,91,168],"However,":[26],"directly":[27],"applying":[28],"LLMs":[29,186],"to":[30,83,93,134,185,202],"solve":[31,94],"sophisticated":[32],"problems":[33],"in":[34,74,89,103,108,141,242],"specific":[35],"domains":[36,214],"meets":[37],"many":[38,90],"hurdles,":[39,96],"caused":[40],"by":[41],"heterogeneity":[43],"domain":[45,50,55,76,113,153],"data,":[46],"sophistication":[48],"knowledge,":[51],"uniqueness":[53],"objectives,":[56],"and":[57,71,105,131,137,187,200,226,239],"diversity":[59],"constraints":[62],"(e.g.,":[63],"various":[64],"social":[65],"norms,":[66],"cultural":[67],"conformity,":[68],"religious":[69],"beliefs,":[70],"ethical":[72],"standards":[73],"applications).":[77],"Domain":[78],"specification":[79,154],"techniques":[80,155,180],"are":[81],"key":[82],"making":[84],"large":[85,157,165],"disruptive":[88],"Specifically,":[92],"these":[95],"there":[97],"has":[98],"been":[99],"notable":[101],"increase":[102],"research":[104,237],"practices":[106],"conducted":[107],"recent":[109],"years":[110],"on":[111,152,182],"specialization":[114],"LLMs.":[116],"This":[117],"emerging":[118,161],"study,":[121],"with":[122],"its":[123],"substantial":[124],"potential":[125],"impact,":[127],"necessitates":[128],"comprehensive":[130,150],"systematic":[132,173],"review":[133],"summarize":[135],"better":[136],"guide":[138],"ongoing":[139],"work":[140],"this":[142,145,243],"area.":[143,244],"In":[144],"article,":[146],"we":[147,170,206,230],"present":[148,207],"survey":[151],"models,":[159],"an":[160,208],"direction":[162],"critical":[163,212],"model":[167],"First,":[169],"propose":[171],"taxonomy":[174,210],"that":[175,215],"categorizes":[176],"LLM":[178],"domain-specialization":[179],"based":[181],"accessibility":[184],"summarizes":[188],"framework":[190],"all":[192],"subcategories":[194],"as":[195,197],"well":[196],"their":[198,223],"relations":[199],"differences":[201],"each":[203],"other.":[204],"Second,":[205],"extensive":[209],"application":[213],"can":[216],"benefit":[217],"dramatically":[218],"from":[219],"specialized":[220],"LLMs,":[221],"discussing":[222],"practical":[224],"significance":[225],"open":[227],"challenges.":[228],"Last,":[229],"offer":[231],"our":[232],"insights":[233],"into":[234],"current":[236],"status":[238],"future":[240],"trends":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}