{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413644875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3764112","title":"Lost in Alignment: A Survey on Cross-Lingual Alignment Methods for Contextualized Representation","display_name":"Lost in Alignment: A Survey on Cross-Lingual Alignment Methods for Contextualized Representation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413644875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3764112"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3764112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3764112","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3764112","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3764112","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042456466","display_name":"Filippo Pallucchini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0190-2833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098931","display_name":"Quantitative BioSciences","ror":"https://ror.org/010brsj79","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filippo Pallucchini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Statistics and Quantitative Method, University of Milan-Bicocca","Statistics and Quantitative Method, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0190-2833","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistics and Quantitative Method, University of Milan-Bicocca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286","https://openalex.org/I4210098931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistics and Quantitative Method, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046882068","display_name":"Lorenzo Malandri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0222-9365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098931","display_name":"Quantitative BioSciences","ror":"https://ror.org/010brsj79","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Malandri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Statistics and Quantitative Method, University of Milan-Bicocca","Statistics and Quantitative Method, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0222-9365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistics and Quantitative Method, University of Milan-Bicocca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286","https://openalex.org/I4210098931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistics and Quantitative Method, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047827615","display_name":"Fabio Mercorio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6864-2702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098931","display_name":"Quantitative BioSciences","ror":"https://ror.org/010brsj79","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Mercorio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Statistics and Quantitative Method, University of Milan-Bicocca","Statistics and Quantitative Method, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6864-2702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistics and Quantitative Method, University of Milan-Bicocca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286","https://openalex.org/I4210098931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistics and Quantitative Method, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039716498","display_name":"Mario Mezzanzanica","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0399-2810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098931","display_name":"Quantitative BioSciences","ror":"https://ror.org/010brsj79","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Mezzanzanica","raw_affiliation_strings":["Statistics and Quantitative Method, University of Milan-Bicocca","Statistics and Quantitative Method, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0399-2810","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistics and Quantitative Method, University of Milan-Bicocca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286","https://openalex.org/I4210098931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistics and Quantitative Method, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7588,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88237545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"5","first_page":"1","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8784478306770325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6251721978187561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intermediate-language","display_name":"Intermediate language","score":0.4470250904560089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42611658573150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.38760000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3562089204788208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.14878547191619873}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8784478306770325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6251721978187561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77660490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244916","display_name":"Intermediate language","level":3,"score":0.4470250904560089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42611658573150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.38760000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3562089204788208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.14878547191619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3764112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3764112","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3764112","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:boa.unimib.it:10281/565724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/toc/csur/2026/58/5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401259","display_name":"BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3764112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3764112","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3764112","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413644875.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413644875.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069065514","https://openalex.org/W2489487449","https://openalex.org/W2521714068","https://openalex.org/W2599674900","https://openalex.org/W2606555609","https://openalex.org/W2607303097","https://openalex.org/W2612560781","https://openalex.org/W2750779823","https://openalex.org/W2769280657","https://openalex.org/W2788353357","https://openalex.org/W2799915114","https://openalex.org/W2899575547","https://openalex.org/W2927632009","https://openalex.org/W2948599618","https://openalex.org/W2952638691","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2973088264","https://openalex.org/W2997774782","https://openalex.org/W3035390927","https://openalex.org/W3039695075","https://openalex.org/W3103490574","https://openalex.org/W3104723404","https://openalex.org/W3105882086","https://openalex.org/W3176138503","https://openalex.org/W3200538116","https://openalex.org/W4200412261","https://openalex.org/W4205807230","https://openalex.org/W4226266426","https://openalex.org/W4237393911","https://openalex.org/W4238846128","https://openalex.org/W4239019441","https://openalex.org/W4247780151","https://openalex.org/W4250903743","https://openalex.org/W4281809670","https://openalex.org/W4286907616","https://openalex.org/W4287184494","https://openalex.org/W4320728842","https://openalex.org/W4365799947","https://openalex.org/W4378447084","https://openalex.org/W4385571630","https://openalex.org/W4392978361","https://openalex.org/W4401042451","https://openalex.org/W4402670095","https://openalex.org/W4411119930","https://openalex.org/W4412886795","https://openalex.org/W4412945334"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062195135","https://openalex.org/W2795079307","https://openalex.org/W2793058541","https://openalex.org/W1983629434","https://openalex.org/W2055929693","https://openalex.org/W4324271173","https://openalex.org/W2352227742","https://openalex.org/W3204019825","https://openalex.org/W1483168212","https://openalex.org/W3213623943"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cross-lingual":[0],"word":[1,7],"representations":[2],"allow":[3],"us":[4],"to":[5,73,87],"analyse":[6],"meanings":[8],"across":[9],"diverse":[10],"language":[11,24],"settings.":[12],"It":[13],"is":[14],"crucial":[15],"in":[16],"aiding":[17],"cross-lingual":[18,40,102],"knowledge":[19],"transfer":[20],"when":[21],"constructing":[22],"natural":[23],"processing":[25],"(NLP)":[26],"models":[27],"for":[28,57,101],"languages":[29],"with":[30,78],"limited":[31],"resources.":[32],"This":[33],"survey":[34],"presents":[35],"a":[36,55,64,68],"comprehensive":[37,65],"classification":[38],"of":[39,70,83,90],"contextual":[41],"embedding":[42],"models.":[43],"We":[44],"assess":[45],"their":[46,105,110],"data":[47,86],"requirements":[48],"and":[49,52,85,108],"objective":[50],"functions,":[51],"we":[53,62,94],"introduce":[54],"taxonomy":[56],"categorising":[58],"these":[59],"approaches.":[60],"Then,":[61],"present":[63],"table":[66],"containing":[67],"set":[69],"hierarchical":[71],"criteria":[72],"compare":[74],"them":[75],"better,":[76],"along":[77],"information":[79],"regarding":[80],"the":[81,91,97],"availability":[82],"code":[84],"enable":[88],"replication":[89],"research.":[92],"Furthermore,":[93],"delve":[95],"into":[96],"evaluation":[98],"methodologies":[99],"employed":[100],"embeddings,":[103],"exploring":[104],"practical":[106],"applications":[107],"addressing":[109],"current":[111],"associated":[112],"challenges.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
