{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417000861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3763275","title":"Designing and Fabricating Color BRDFs with Differentiable Wave Optics","display_name":"Designing and Fabricating Color BRDFs with Differentiable Wave Optics","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417000861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3763275"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3763275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3763275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3763275","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102793823","display_name":"Yixin Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7783-2683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixin Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7783-2683","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010588450","display_name":"Ki-Seok Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2352-3889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiseok Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2352-3889","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087647252","display_name":"Hadi Amata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9343-729X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadi Amata","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9343-729X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005722947","display_name":"Kaizhang Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4381-0510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaizhang Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4381-0510","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073712698","display_name":"Wolfgang Heidrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4227-8508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Heidrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4227-8508","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025339003","display_name":"Hongzhi Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4404-2275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongzhi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4404-2275","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052213409","display_name":"Min H. Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5078-4005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min H. Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5078-4005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56520433,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"6","first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.25690001249313354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.25690001249313354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11517","display_name":"Advanced optical system design","score":0.22660000622272491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.1793999969959259,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.7032999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differentiable-function","display_name":"Differentiable function","score":0.5777000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-reflectance-distribution-function","display_name":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function","score":0.5437999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometrical-optics","display_name":"Geometrical optics","score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-optics","display_name":"Physical optics","score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalar","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","score":0.31940001249313354}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.7032999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6093000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202615002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783507","display_name":"Differentiable function","level":2,"score":0.5777000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151596937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856980","display_name":"Bidirectional reflectance distribution function","level":3,"score":0.5437999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4408999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110277352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467980","display_name":"Geometrical optics","level":2,"score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3912000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154236941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942347","display_name":"Physical optics","level":2,"score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57691317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289248","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113364801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26674","display_name":"High fidelity","level":2,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207114421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133900","display_name":"Diffraction","level":2,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182610534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633620","display_name":"Ray","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97546620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1656807","display_name":"Nonimaging optics","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121524040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11942175","display_name":"Polarizer","level":3,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204223013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133036","display_name":"Lithography","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3763275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3763275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3763275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3763275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322927","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","display_name":"Samsung","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333993","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999964547","https://openalex.org/W2011447993","https://openalex.org/W2011581413","https://openalex.org/W2037747943","https://openalex.org/W2056267614","https://openalex.org/W2066722433","https://openalex.org/W2080638042","https://openalex.org/W2089485251","https://openalex.org/W2093452150","https://openalex.org/W2104587129","https://openalex.org/W2138594073","https://openalex.org/W2144188683","https://openalex.org/W2150925892","https://openalex.org/W2151045871","https://openalex.org/W2161568005","https://openalex.org/W2164146532","https://openalex.org/W2165425251","https://openalex.org/W2169383276","https://openalex.org/W2185393006","https://openalex.org/W2295834392","https://openalex.org/W2464379462","https://openalex.org/W2572211998","https://openalex.org/W2610372066","https://openalex.org/W2614647722","https://openalex.org/W2736582796","https://openalex.org/W2765538948","https://openalex.org/W2805453351","https://openalex.org/W2809900749","https://openalex.org/W2810054981","https://openalex.org/W2810334442","https://openalex.org/W2811155286","https://openalex.org/W2895571338","https://openalex.org/W2952394368","https://openalex.org/W2983219806","https://openalex.org/W2985336075","https://openalex.org/W3009643871","https://openalex.org/W3034348260","https://openalex.org/W3110360075","https://openalex.org/W3125834057","https://openalex.org/W4245596045","https://openalex.org/W4248723702","https://openalex.org/W4253075444","https://openalex.org/W4303045559","https://openalex.org/W4385261097","https://openalex.org/W4385275768","https://openalex.org/W4385275821","https://openalex.org/W4385283792","https://openalex.org/W4385318467","https://openalex.org/W4385526941","https://openalex.org/W4385634445","https://openalex.org/W4390976747","https://openalex.org/W4400819170","https://openalex.org/W4400969983"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modeling":[0],"surface":[1],"reflectance":[2,35,45],"is":[3],"central":[4],"to":[5,43,51,117,133],"connecting":[6],"optical":[7],"theory":[8],"with":[9,109],"real-world":[10],"rendering":[11],"and":[12,25,66,79,100,130,142,149,157,164,179],"fabrication.":[13],"While":[14],"analytic":[15],"BRDFs":[16,69,120],"remain":[17],"standard":[18],"in":[19,23,172],"rendering,":[20],"recent":[21],"advances":[22],"geometric":[24],"wave":[26,74],"optics":[27,75],"have":[28],"expanded":[29],"the":[30,49,61],"design":[31,52,144,163],"space":[32],"for":[33,64,160],"complex":[34],"effects.":[36],"However,":[37],"existing":[38],"wave-optics-based":[39],"methods":[40],"are":[41],"limited":[42],"controlling":[44],"intensity":[46,99],"only,":[47],"lacking":[48],"ability":[50],"full-spectrum,":[53],"color-dependent":[54],"BRDFs.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57],"work,":[58,135],"we":[59],"present":[60],"first":[62],"method":[63,167],"designing":[65],"fabricating":[67],"color":[68,102],"using":[70],"a":[71,110,155],"fully":[72],"differentiable":[73,78],"framework.":[76],"Our":[77],"memory-efficient":[80],"simulation":[81],"framework":[82],"supports":[83],"end-to-end":[84],"optimization":[85],"of":[86,103,113],"microstructured":[87],"surfaces":[88],"under":[89],"scalar":[90],"diffraction":[91],"theory,":[92],"enabling":[93],"joint":[94],"control":[95],"over":[96],"both":[97],"angular":[98],"spectral":[101],"reflectance.":[104],"We":[105],"leverage":[106],"grayscale":[107],"lithography":[108],"feature":[111],"size":[112],"1.5\u20132.0":[114],"\u03bc":[115],"m":[116],"fabricate":[118],"15":[119],"spanning":[121],"four":[122],"representative":[123],"categories:":[124],"anti-mirrors,":[125],"pictorial":[126],"reflections,":[127],"structural":[128,173],"colors,":[129],"iridescences.":[131],"Compared":[132],"prior":[134],"our":[136,166],"approach":[137],"achieves":[138],"significantly":[139],"higher":[140],"fidelity":[141],"broader":[143],"flexibility,":[145],"producing":[146],"physically":[147],"accurate":[148],"visually":[150],"compelling":[151],"results.":[152],"By":[153],"providing":[154],"practical":[156],"extensible":[158],"solution":[159],"full-color":[161],"BRDF":[162],"fabrication,":[165],"opens":[168],"up":[169],"new":[170],"opportunities":[171],"coloration,":[174],"product":[175],"design,":[176],"security":[177],"printing,":[178],"advanced":[180],"manufacturing.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-12-04T00:00:00"}
