{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415517347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3763244","title":"CHARME: A Chain-based Reinforcement Learning Approach for the Minor Embedding Problem","display_name":"CHARME: A Chain-based Reinforcement Learning Approach for the Minor Embedding Problem","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415517347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3763244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3763244","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3763244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170170","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","issn_l":"2643-6809","issn":["2643-6809","2643-6817"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067085042","display_name":"Hoang M. Ngo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9647-7011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hoang Ngo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9647-7011","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033082148","display_name":"Nguyen Do Hoang Khoi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3384-9129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nguyen Do","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3384-9129","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063231826","display_name":"Minh N. Vu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8727-0350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minh Vu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Theoritical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory","University of Florida"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8727-0350","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Theoritical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058634898","display_name":"Tre\u2019 R. Jeter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1998-4842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tre Jeter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1998-4842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091769289","display_name":"Tamer Kahveci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4403-8612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tamer Kahveci","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4403-8612","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005663679","display_name":"My T. Thai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0503-2012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"My Thai","raw_affiliation_strings":["CISE, University of Florida"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0503-2012","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CISE, University of Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067085042"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3465,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94847698,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.8495000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6721000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6187000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minor","display_name":"Minor (academic)","score":0.5504000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding-problem","display_name":"Embedding problem","score":0.36980000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.8495000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6721000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6187000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5993000268936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779760435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5396169","display_name":"Minor (academic)","level":2,"score":0.5504000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3781999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35435516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5370016","display_name":"Embedding problem","level":3,"score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51823790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504353","display_name":"Greedy algorithm","level":2,"score":0.3686000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126980161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863783","display_name":"Simulated annealing","level":2,"score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75564084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5597085","display_name":"Graph embedding","level":3,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90408235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938141","display_name":"Quantum annealing","level":4,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3763244","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3763244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170170","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","issn_l":"2643-6809","issn":["2643-6809","2643-6817"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493348997","https://openalex.org/W1631535324","https://openalex.org/W2095984596","https://openalex.org/W2105223366","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2150339816","https://openalex.org/W2767121113","https://openalex.org/W2948312251","https://openalex.org/W2963605600","https://openalex.org/W2964323614","https://openalex.org/W2970291663","https://openalex.org/W2990613907","https://openalex.org/W3010351310","https://openalex.org/W3019761397","https://openalex.org/W3047863327","https://openalex.org/W3089395749","https://openalex.org/W3196514226","https://openalex.org/W3199551301","https://openalex.org/W4287863098","https://openalex.org/W4288023788","https://openalex.org/W4293025823","https://openalex.org/W4294216483","https://openalex.org/W4385964285","https://openalex.org/W4386022540","https://openalex.org/W4387869638","https://openalex.org/W4389722624","https://openalex.org/W4399523307"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"annealing":[1],"(QA)":[2],"has":[3],"great":[4],"potential":[5],"to":[6,96,172,219],"solve":[7],"combinatorial":[8],"optimization":[9],"problems":[10],"efficiently.":[11],"However,":[12],"the":[13,22,32,41,50,55,69,98,144,185,205,208,211,220],"effectiveness":[14],"of":[15,24,43,146,168,207,210],"QA":[16],"algorithms":[17],"is":[18,39,59],"heavily":[19],"based":[20],"on":[21,137],"embedding":[23,52,57,71,100,174],"problem":[25,58,62,72,81],"instances,":[26,141],"represented":[27],"as":[28,49,152,154,177],"logical":[29],"graphs,":[30],"into":[31],"quantum":[33],"processing":[34],"unit":[35],"(QPU)":[36],"whose":[37],"topology":[38],"in":[40,166,196],"form":[42],"a":[44,88,109,118],"limited":[45],"connectivity":[46],"graph,":[47],"known":[48,188],"minor":[51,56,70,99],"problem.":[53],"Because":[54],"an":[60,127],"NP-hard":[61],"[":[63],"11":[64],"],":[65],"existing":[66],"methods":[67,175],"for":[68,115,131,189],"suffer":[73],"from":[74],"scalability":[75],"issues":[76],"when":[77],"faced":[78],"with":[79],"larger":[80],"sizes.":[82],"In":[83,160,199],"this":[84],"article,":[85],"we":[86,142],"propose":[87],"novel":[89],"approach":[90],"utilizing":[91],"Reinforcement":[92],"Learning":[93],"(RL)":[94],"techniques":[95],"address":[97],"problem,":[101],"named":[102],"CHARME.":[103,159],"CHARME":[104,162,212],"includes":[105],"three":[106],"key":[107],"components:":[108],"Graph":[110],"Neural":[111],"Network":[112],"(GNN)":[113],"architecture":[114],"policy":[116],"modeling,":[117],"state":[119],"transition":[120],"algorithm":[121],"that":[122],"ensures":[123],"solution":[124],"validity,":[125],"and":[126,139,179],"order":[128,149],"exploration":[129,150,203],"strategy":[130,151],"effective":[132],"training.":[133],"Through":[134],"comprehensive":[135],"experiments":[136],"synthetic":[138],"real-world":[140],"demonstrate":[143],"efficiency":[145,206],"our":[147,155,182,201],"proposed":[148,156,202],"well":[153],"RL":[157],"framework,":[158],"particular,":[161],"yields":[163],"superior":[164],"solutions":[165,217],"terms":[167],"qubit":[169],"usage":[170],"compared":[171,218],"fast":[173],"such":[176],"Minorminer":[178],"ATOM.":[180],"Moreover,":[181],"method":[183],"surpasses":[184],"OCT-based":[186],"approach,":[187],"its":[190],"slower":[191],"runtime":[192],"but":[193],"high-quality":[194],"solutions,":[195],"several":[197],"cases.":[198],"addition,":[200],"enhances":[204],"training":[209],"framework":[213],"by":[214],"providing":[215],"better":[216],"greedy":[221],"strategy.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-24T00:00:00"}
