{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417241860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3760250.3762231","title":"GFS: A Preemption-aware Scheduling Framework for GPU Clusters with Predictive Spot Instance Management","display_name":"GFS: A Preemption-aware Scheduling Framework for GPU Clusters with Predictive Spot Instance Management","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417241860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3760250.3762231"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3760250.3762231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3760250.3762231","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3760250.3762231","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043402050","display_name":"Jiaang Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0629-4865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiaang Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080838856","display_name":"Shenglin Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3055-7227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shenglin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041333646","display_name":"Shiyou Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7775-1740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyou Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030881704","display_name":"Dingyu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8156-3926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dingyu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068100643","display_name":"Kangjin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5607-1607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kangjin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002768546","display_name":"Chenzhi Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5645-4167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenzhi Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023686830","display_name":"Yinghao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2744-845X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinghao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072522649","display_name":"Qin Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2846-6083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong Univeristy, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong Univeristy, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101453873","display_name":"Hanwen Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6439-5169"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanwen Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017881006","display_name":"Qi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2384-8807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022649222","display_name":"Wenchao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0814-0919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenchao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024743699","display_name":"Dingli Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-8736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongqing Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113843571","display_name":"Tianyu Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0360-8912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100648774","display_name":"Jian Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0036-9436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101490654","display_name":"Guangtao Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1617-3593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangtao Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073989304","display_name":"Guodong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1908-071X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guodong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100426765","display_name":"Liping Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2334-3471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liping Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389286","display_name":"Gang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7483-0045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":18,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043402050"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5223301,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"117","last_page":"131"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.6582000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.6582000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.14169999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.0989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.666100025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queueing-theory","display_name":"Queueing theory","score":0.4941999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-shop-scheduling","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","score":0.4887999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.45419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queue","display_name":"Queue","score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.34929999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7645999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.666100025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22684755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847526","display_name":"Queueing theory","level":2,"score":0.4941999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.4887999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.45419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160403385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220543","display_name":"Queue","level":2,"score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984822820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123036","display_name":"Processor scheduling","level":3,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989134064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288510","display_name":"Execution time","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107568181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319000","display_name":"Dynamic priority scheduling","level":3,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3760250.3762231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3760250.3762231","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3760250.3762231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3760250.3762231","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969852690","https://openalex.org/W2005746504","https://openalex.org/W2019396770","https://openalex.org/W2026080429","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2105947650","https://openalex.org/W2747599906","https://openalex.org/W2755443794","https://openalex.org/W2980994438","https://openalex.org/W3034384938","https://openalex.org/W3037994915","https://openalex.org/W3177318507","https://openalex.org/W3209503812","https://openalex.org/W4220741164","https://openalex.org/W4280651118","https://openalex.org/W4293262082","https://openalex.org/W4327930473","https://openalex.org/W4372262787","https://openalex.org/W4382203079","https://openalex.org/W4394998727","https://openalex.org/W4400373628","https://openalex.org/W4400770592","https://openalex.org/W4401306886"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,144],"surge":[1],"in":[2,174,191],"large":[3],"language":[4],"models":[5],"(LLMs)":[6],"has":[7],"fundamentally":[8],"reshaped":[9],"the":[10,105,127,134,166],"landscape":[11],"of":[12,136,182],"GPU":[13,87,167],"usage":[14],"patterns,":[15],"creating":[16],"an":[17],"urgent":[18],"need":[19],"for":[20,34,68,108,160],"more":[21,183],"efficient":[22],"management":[23],"strategies.":[24],"While":[25],"cloud":[26],"providers":[27],"employ":[28],"spot":[29,106],"instances":[30],"to":[31,75,103,172],"reduce":[32],"costs":[33],"low-priority":[35],"(LP)":[36],"tasks,":[37],"existing":[38],"schedulers":[39],"still":[40],"grapple":[41],"with":[42,111],"high":[43],"eviction":[44,150],"rates":[45,151],"and":[46,142,154],"lengthy":[47],"queuing":[48,156],"times.":[49],"To":[50],"address":[51],"these":[52],"limitations,":[53],"we":[54],"present":[55],"GFS,":[56],"a":[57,81,99,117,179],"novel":[58],"preemptive":[59,118],"scheduling":[60,119],"framework":[61],"that":[62,85,121,147],"enhances":[63,165],"service-level":[64],"objective":[65],"(SLO)":[66],"compliance":[67],"high-priority":[69],"(HP)":[70],"tasks":[71,110,124],"while":[72,125],"minimizing":[73,126],"preemptions":[74],"LP":[76,109,130,161],"tasks.":[77,131,162],"Firstly,":[78],"GFS":[79,97,115,137,148,164,187],"utilizes":[80],"lightweight":[82],"forecasting":[83],"model":[84],"predicts":[86],"demand":[88],"among":[89],"different":[90],"tenants,":[91],"enabling":[92],"proactive":[93],"resource":[94],"management.":[95],"Secondly,":[96],"employs":[98],"dynamic":[100],"allocation":[101,168],"mechanism":[102],"adjust":[104],"quota":[107],"guaranteed":[112],"durations.":[113],"Lastly,":[114],"incorporates":[116],"policy":[120],"prioritizes":[122],"HP":[123],"impact":[128],"on":[129],"We":[132],"demonstrate":[133],"effectiveness":[135],"through":[138],"both":[139],"real-world":[140],"implementation":[141],"simulations.":[143],"results":[145],"show":[146],"reduces":[149],"by":[152,158,170],"33.0%,":[153],"cuts":[155],"delays":[157],"44.1%":[159],"Furthermore,":[163],"rate":[169],"up":[171],"22.8%":[173],"real":[175],"production":[176,180],"clusters.":[177],"In":[178],"cluster":[181],"than":[184],"10,000":[185],"GPUs,":[186],"yields":[188],"roughly":[189],"$459,715":[190],"monthly":[192],"benefits.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-12-11T00:00:00"}