{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417243408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3760250.3762223","title":"Cheddar: A Swift Fully Homomorphic Encryption Library Designed for GPU Architectures","display_name":"Cheddar: A Swift Fully Homomorphic Encryption Library Designed for GPU Architectures","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417243408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3760250.3762223"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3760250.3762223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3760250.3762223","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3760250.3762223","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3760250.3762223","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wonseok Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0941-4805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wonseok Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100322020","display_name":"Jongmin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2937-3073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jongmin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078262826","display_name":"Jung Ho Ahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1733-1394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jung Ho Ahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3431,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92039758,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"35","last_page":"49"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.7932999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.7932999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.10949999839067459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.03759999945759773,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/datapath","display_name":"Datapath","score":0.7142999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.6754000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6044999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5533999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-bandwidth","display_name":"Memory bandwidth","score":0.4674000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.4336000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4133000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.3862000107765198}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8932999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1633673","display_name":"Datapath","level":2,"score":0.7142999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.6754000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6044999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.559499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5533999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188045654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17148339","display_name":"Memory bandwidth","level":2,"score":0.4674000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4336000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4133000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.3862000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50630238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971505","display_name":"General-purpose computing on graphics processing units","level":3,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477690","display_name":"CUDA","level":2,"score":0.3100999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18131444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163585","display_name":"Memory protection","level":5,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779851693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183484","display_name":"Graphics processing unit","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41036726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844824","display_name":"Physical address","level":3,"score":0.26179999113082886}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3760250.3762223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3760250.3762223","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3760250.3762223","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3760250.3762223","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3760250.3762223","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3760250.3762223","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3598079552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2021-II211343","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6072120315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7288789209","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2021-II211343","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7798134731","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2021-II211343","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321292","funder_display_name":"Seoul National University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321292","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417243408.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004814164","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2061171222","https://openalex.org/W2067507719","https://openalex.org/W2519249189","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2794974431","https://openalex.org/W2899140612","https://openalex.org/W2934510082","https://openalex.org/W2966536036","https://openalex.org/W3006531732","https://openalex.org/W3012235108","https://openalex.org/W3012457899","https://openalex.org/W3028131843","https://openalex.org/W3033405216","https://openalex.org/W3048936228","https://openalex.org/W3094696138","https://openalex.org/W3108669911","https://openalex.org/W3158044478","https://openalex.org/W3173128495","https://openalex.org/W3193495651","https://openalex.org/W3203693205","https://openalex.org/W3205883294","https://openalex.org/W3207326900","https://openalex.org/W4205350912","https://openalex.org/W4205474236","https://openalex.org/W4226329974","https://openalex.org/W4226460675","https://openalex.org/W4281609193","https://openalex.org/W4281689324","https://openalex.org/W4281792301","https://openalex.org/W4285276028","https://openalex.org/W4307823778","https://openalex.org/W4307925365","https://openalex.org/W4312296236","https://openalex.org/W4312354051","https://openalex.org/W4360831809","https://openalex.org/W4360831815","https://openalex.org/W4360831824","https://openalex.org/W4360831964","https://openalex.org/W4380881143","https://openalex.org/W4384705451","https://openalex.org/W4386942772","https://openalex.org/W4388925834","https://openalex.org/W4389491906","https://openalex.org/W4390421891","https://openalex.org/W4391661643","https://openalex.org/W4394998599","https://openalex.org/W4405184816","https://openalex.org/W4409248416","https://openalex.org/W4409248690","https://openalex.org/W4409248819","https://openalex.org/W6889642950"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"homomorphic":[1],"encryption":[2],"(FHE)":[3],"frees":[4],"cloud":[5],"computing":[6],"from":[7],"privacy":[8],"concerns":[9],"by":[10,88],"enabling":[11],"secure":[12],"computation":[13],"on":[14],"encrypted":[15],"data.":[16],"However,":[17],"its":[18],"substantial":[19,47],"computational":[20],"and":[21,74,94],"memory":[22,85],"overhead":[23],"results":[24],"in":[25],"significantly":[26],"slower":[27],"performance":[28,101],"compared":[29,109],"to":[30,77,110],"unencrypted":[31],"processing.":[32],"To":[33],"mitigate":[34],"this":[35],"overhead,":[36],"we":[37,82],"present":[38],"Cheddar,":[39],"a":[40],"high-performance":[41],"FHE":[42,57,91,107],"library":[43],"for":[44,105],"GPUs,":[45],"achieving":[46],"speedups":[48],"over":[49],"previous":[50],"GPU":[51,68,79,112],"implementations.":[52,113],"We":[53,66],"systematically":[54],"enable":[55],"32-bit":[56,61],"execution,":[58],"leveraging":[59],"the":[60,84],"integer":[62],"datapath":[63],"within":[64],"GPUs.":[65],"optimize":[67],"kernels":[69],"using":[70],"efficient":[71],"low-level":[72],"primitives":[73],"algorithms":[75],"tailored":[76],"specific":[78],"architectures.":[80],"Further,":[81],"alleviate":[83],"bandwidth":[86],"burden":[87],"adjusting":[89],"common":[90],"operational":[92],"sequences":[93],"extensively":[95],"applying":[96],"kernel":[97],"fusion.":[98],"Cheddar":[99],"delivers":[100],"improvements":[102],"of":[103],"2.18--4.45\u00d7":[104],"representative":[106],"workloads":[108],"state-of-the-art":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-12-11T00:00:00"}