{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413105632","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3759920","title":"Multi-level Contrastive Learning for Knowledge Tracing","display_name":"Multi-level Contrastive Learning for Knowledge Tracing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413105632","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3759920"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3759920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3759920","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3759920","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41523882","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","issn_l":"1556-4681","issn":["1556-4681","1556-472X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3759920","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074111945","display_name":"Xiaoxuan Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6663-5821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxuan Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center of\u00a0Educational Big Data, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China and Faculty of Artificial Intelligence\u00a0in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","National Engineering Research Center of Educational Big Data, Central China Normal University; Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6663-5821","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of\u00a0Educational Big Data, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China and Faculty of Artificial Intelligence\u00a0in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Educational Big Data, Central China Normal University; Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089230282","display_name":"Fenghua Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1488-265X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fenghua Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center of\u00a0Educational Big Data, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China and Faculty of Artificial Intelligence\u00a0in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","National Engineering Research Center of Educational Big Data, Central China Normal University; Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1488-265X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of\u00a0Educational Big Data, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China and Faculty of Artificial Intelligence\u00a0in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Educational Big Data, Central China Normal University; Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021623912","display_name":"Qian Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4504-3912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center of\u00a0Educational Big Data, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China and Faculty of Artificial Intelligence\u00a0in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","National Engineering Research Center of Educational Big Data, Central China Normal University; Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4504-3912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of\u00a0Educational Big Data, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China and Faculty of Artificial Intelligence\u00a0in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Educational Big Data, Central China Normal University; Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013955296","display_name":"Ruxia Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3262-3088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruxia Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","School of Computer Science, Central China Normal University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3262-3088","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Central China Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058426743","display_name":"Jianwen Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0951-1072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianwen Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center of\u00a0Educational Big Data, Central China Normal\u00a0University, Wuhan, China and Faculty of Artificial Intelligence\u00a0in Education, Central China Normal\u00a0University, Wuhan, China","National Engineering Research Center of Educational Big Data, Central China Normal University; Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0951-1072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of\u00a0Educational Big Data, Central China Normal\u00a0University, Wuhan, China and Faculty of Artificial Intelligence\u00a0in Education, Central China Normal\u00a0University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Educational Big Data, Central China Normal University; Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1043,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95126132,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"8","first_page":"1","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9656000137329102,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.6233620643615723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5744679570198059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44782721996307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3557703197002411}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.6233620643615723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5744679570198059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44782721996307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3557703197002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3759920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3759920","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3759920","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41523882","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","issn_l":"1556-4681","issn":["1556-4681","1556-472X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3759920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3759920","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3759920","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41523882","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","issn_l":"1556-4681","issn":["1556-4681","1556-472X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1618151053","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022M711282","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2924808794","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCNU25AI019, CCNU25AI005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4005546462","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022ZD0117103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5545620605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62207017, 62307015, 62293554","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413105632.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1530404542","https://openalex.org/W1562092080","https://openalex.org/W2015040676","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2559094423","https://openalex.org/W2955931418","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3040479400","https://openalex.org/W3116287258","https://openalex.org/W3128513560","https://openalex.org/W3173151551","https://openalex.org/W3197400233","https://openalex.org/W4206450273","https://openalex.org/W4206633947","https://openalex.org/W4210707990","https://openalex.org/W4211169640","https://openalex.org/W4224316526","https://openalex.org/W4225753930","https://openalex.org/W4284683483","https://openalex.org/W4284711352","https://openalex.org/W4295788921","https://openalex.org/W4307561542","https://openalex.org/W4313398922","https://openalex.org/W4317433458","https://openalex.org/W4321012315","https://openalex.org/W4367046760","https://openalex.org/W4367047438","https://openalex.org/W4382318135","https://openalex.org/W4383890464","https://openalex.org/W4385979163","https://openalex.org/W4387124139","https://openalex.org/W4387842533","https://openalex.org/W4396758684","https://openalex.org/W4401856724","https://openalex.org/W4403780791","https://openalex.org/W6600358749","https://openalex.org/W6600617465","https://openalex.org/W6607167723"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2888673113","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2056065966","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Knowledge":[0,149],"Tracing":[1,150],"(KT)":[2],"is":[3,24],"the":[4,83,121,213,216],"task":[5],"of":[6,22,79,120,124,197,215],"predicting":[7],"students\u2019":[8,34],"future":[9],"performance":[10],"based":[11,57],"on":[12,58,164,188],"their":[13,133],"past":[14],"interactions":[15],"with":[16],"educational":[17],"resources.":[18],"A":[19],"key":[20],"aspect":[21],"KT":[23,55,105,200],"representation":[25,50,66],"learning,":[26,98],"which":[27,91],"aims":[28],"to":[29,37,64,117],"capture":[30],"meaningful":[31],"features":[32],"from":[33],"learning":[35,43,60,67,85,116,146,177,219],"behaviors":[36],"improve":[38],"prediction":[39],"performance.":[40,135],"Recently,":[41],"contrastive":[42,59,84,97,115,176,218],"methods":[44],"have":[45,61,73],"shown":[46],"great":[47],"promise":[48],"in":[49,88,104],"learning.":[51],"As":[52],"a":[53,143,195],"result,":[54],"models":[56,72,81,112],"been":[62],"introduced":[63],"enhance":[65],"for":[68,148],"KT.":[69],"However,":[70],"these":[71,80,111,138],"posed":[74],"several":[75],"challenges.":[76],"Firstly,":[77],"most":[78],"adopt":[82],"approach":[86],"used":[87],"other":[89,207],"fields,":[90],"involves":[92],"data":[93,102,165],"augmentation":[94,103,166],"followed":[95],"by":[96],"yet":[99],"effectively":[100],"applying":[101],"remains":[106],"an":[107],"open":[108],"challenge.":[109],"Secondly,":[110],"typically":[113],"apply":[114],"only":[118],"one":[119],"fundamental":[122],"components":[123],"KT:":[125],"questions,":[126,181],"interactions,":[127,182],"or":[128],"knowledge":[129,173,184],"states,":[130],"thereby":[131],"limiting":[132],"overall":[134],"To":[136],"address":[137],"issues,":[139],"this":[140],"article":[141],"proposes":[142],"Multi-level":[144],"Contrastive":[145],"model":[147],"(MCKT).":[151],"MCKT":[152,204],"(The":[153],"code":[154],"can":[155],"be":[156],"found":[157],"at":[158,178],"https://github.com/lilstrawberry/MCKT":[159],".)":[160],"does":[161],"not":[162],"rely":[163],"strategies;":[167],"instead,":[168],"it":[169],"deeply":[170],"integrates":[171],"domain":[172],"and":[174,183],"performs":[175],"three":[179],"levels:":[180],"states.":[185],"Experimental":[186],"results":[187],"four":[189],"publicly":[190],"available":[191],"datasets,":[192],"compared":[193],"against":[194],"total":[196],"20":[198],"state-of-the-art":[199],"models,":[201],"demonstrate":[202],"that":[203],"consistently":[205],"outperforms":[206],"models.":[208],"Subsequent":[209],"experiments":[210],"further":[211],"validate":[212],"effectiveness":[214],"multi-level":[217],"approach.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
