{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412827320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757931","title":"Pain Assessment Using Multi-Kernel-FCN-LSTM and Haemoglobin Difference in fNIRS","display_name":"Pain Assessment Using Multi-Kernel-FCN-LSTM and Haemoglobin Difference in fNIRS","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412827320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757931"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3757931","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174653","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare","issn_l":"2637-8051","issn":["2637-8051","2691-1957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057468352","display_name":"Ghazal Bargshady","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2557-7928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ghazal Bargshady","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2557-7928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031236082","display_name":"Sumair Aziz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4372-0772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumair Aziz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4372-0772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035772048","display_name":"Stefanos Gkikas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4123-1302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28710699","display_name":"Hellenic Mediterranean University","ror":"https://ror.org/039ce0m20","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28710699"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefanos Gkikas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4123-1302","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28710699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087123353","display_name":"Manolis Tsiknakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-1450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28710699","display_name":"Hellenic Mediterranean University","ror":"https://ror.org/039ce0m20","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28710699"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manolis Tsiknakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-1450","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28710699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046144886","display_name":"Roland Goecke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2279-7041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roland Goecke","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Systems and Computing, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2279-7041","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Systems and Computing, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596","https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023042203","display_name":"Raul Fernandez Rojas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8393-4241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raul Fernandez Rojas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8393-4241","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057468352"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.804,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85337389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6652289628982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4842357337474823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47350412607192993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34125012159347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.32334381341934204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22329998016357422}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6652289628982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4842357337474823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47350412607192993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34125012159347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.32334381341934204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22329998016357422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3757931","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174653","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare","issn_l":"2637-8051","issn":["2637-8051","2691-1957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1980786684","https://openalex.org/W2011024894","https://openalex.org/W2018077245","https://openalex.org/W2037579883","https://openalex.org/W2245232857","https://openalex.org/W2498384973","https://openalex.org/W2559463885","https://openalex.org/W2800854546","https://openalex.org/W2892035503","https://openalex.org/W2943907261","https://openalex.org/W2949676527","https://openalex.org/W2979623197","https://openalex.org/W2996057901","https://openalex.org/W2997532932","https://openalex.org/W3005302549","https://openalex.org/W3043476716","https://openalex.org/W3083323904","https://openalex.org/W3102455230","https://openalex.org/W3108528951","https://openalex.org/W3109364252","https://openalex.org/W3168147049","https://openalex.org/W4205479431","https://openalex.org/W4245057219","https://openalex.org/W4306369272","https://openalex.org/W4307483295","https://openalex.org/W4309452200","https://openalex.org/W4310153757","https://openalex.org/W4367320832","https://openalex.org/W4381149509","https://openalex.org/W4386131797","https://openalex.org/W4391818941","https://openalex.org/W4402289207","https://openalex.org/W4409762180","https://openalex.org/W6654711492"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,24,59,74,97],"effectiveness":[4],"of":[5,79,108],"various":[6],"machine":[7],"learning":[8,11],"and":[9,42,54,68,120],"deep":[10,69],"models":[12],"for":[13,123],"automated":[14],"pain":[15,52,124,135],"detection":[16,136],"using":[17],"Functional":[18],"Near-Infrared":[19],"Spectroscopy":[20],"(fNIRS)":[21],"data":[22],"from":[23],"AI4Pain":[25],"Grand":[26],"Challenge":[27],"dataset.":[28],"Four":[29],"different":[30],"near-infrared":[31],"spectroscopy":[32],"metrics\u2014Oxygenated":[33],"Haemoglobin":[34,37,40,43],"(HbO2),":[35],"Deoxygenated":[36],"(HHb),":[38],"Total":[39],"(HT)":[41],"Difference":[44],"(HbDiff)\u2014were":[45],"investigated":[46],"to":[47,51],"determine":[48],"their":[49],"contributions":[50],"assessment":[53],"identify":[55],"which":[56],"metric":[57],"offers":[58],"most":[60],"reliable":[61,121],"performance.":[62],"Across":[63],"all":[64],"models,":[65],"both":[66],"traditional":[67],"learning,":[70],"HbDiff":[71,98],"consistently":[72],"outperformed":[73],"other":[75],"metrics":[76],"in":[77,133],"terms":[78],"classification":[80,106],"accuracy.":[81],"The":[82],"Multi-Kernel":[83],"Fully":[84],"Convolutional":[85],"Network":[86],"Hybrid":[87],"with":[88,103],"Long":[89],"Short-Term":[90],"Memory":[91],"(MK-FCN-LSTM)":[92],"model,":[93],"particularly":[94],"when":[95],"utilising":[96],"metric,":[99],"achieved":[100],"superior":[101],"performance":[102],"a":[104,130],"binary":[105],"accuracy":[107],"64.73%.":[109],"These":[110],"findings":[111],"suggest":[112],"that":[113],"haemoglobin":[114],"difference":[115],"may":[116],"provide":[117],"more":[118],"sensitive":[119],"features":[122],"assessment,":[125],"highlighting":[126],"its":[127],"potential":[128],"as":[129],"key":[131],"biomarker":[132],"fNIRS-based":[134],"systems.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-28T23:10:37.245301","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}