{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412928617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757743","title":"Enhancing Blockchain Scalability using Off-Chain and Machine Learning Techniques","display_name":"Enhancing Blockchain Scalability using Off-Chain and Machine Learning Techniques","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412928617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757743"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3757743","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069002348","display_name":"Manjula K. Pawar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3043-3988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132975163","display_name":"KLE Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/04yh52k23","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132975163"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manjula K. Pawar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubli, India","KLE Technological University, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3043-3988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubli, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132975163"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KLE Technological University, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132975163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090769834","display_name":"Prakashgoud Patil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2187-7667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132975163","display_name":"KLE Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/04yh52k23","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132975163"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prakashgoud Patil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Master of Computer Applications, KLE Technological University, Hubli, India","KLE Technological University, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2187-7667","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Master of Computer Applications, KLE Technological University, Hubli, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132975163"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KLE Technological University, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132975163"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101626362","display_name":"P. S. Hiremath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7640-6937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132975163","display_name":"KLE Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/04yh52k23","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132975163"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. S. Hiremath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Master of Computer Applications, KLE Technological University, Hubli, India","KLE Technological University, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7640-6937","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Master of Computer Applications, KLE Technological University, Hubli, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132975163"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KLE Technological University, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132975163"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069002348"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132975163"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.884,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91948679,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9602000117301941,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9283000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9663569331169128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7767964601516724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.679889976978302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.5208978652954102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4285937547683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chain","display_name":"Chain (unit)","score":0.4111681282520294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.161787748336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1028805673122406}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9663569331169128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7767964601516724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.679889976978302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.5208978652954102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4285937547683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199185054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552299","display_name":"Chain (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4111681282520294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.161787748336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1028805673122406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3757743","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1907293129","https://openalex.org/W2182035090","https://openalex.org/W2536325433","https://openalex.org/W2560122591","https://openalex.org/W2765696213","https://openalex.org/W2794417375","https://openalex.org/W2894734488","https://openalex.org/W2914452207","https://openalex.org/W2914781216","https://openalex.org/W2915095113","https://openalex.org/W2915539402","https://openalex.org/W2929438235","https://openalex.org/W2942795391","https://openalex.org/W2945068549","https://openalex.org/W2945437340","https://openalex.org/W2948052034","https://openalex.org/W2965949581","https://openalex.org/W2971569867","https://openalex.org/W3000385461","https://openalex.org/W3007810904","https://openalex.org/W3010925139","https://openalex.org/W3015280513","https://openalex.org/W3040649972","https://openalex.org/W3090237516","https://openalex.org/W3092329959","https://openalex.org/W3093475995","https://openalex.org/W3097022228","https://openalex.org/W3111535195","https://openalex.org/W3119445683","https://openalex.org/W3177260159","https://openalex.org/W3190422696","https://openalex.org/W3193467128","https://openalex.org/W3193617343","https://openalex.org/W3202227545","https://openalex.org/W3206079648","https://openalex.org/W3217338151","https://openalex.org/W4212911130","https://openalex.org/W4220839396","https://openalex.org/W4220993330","https://openalex.org/W4231447736","https://openalex.org/W4231859818","https://openalex.org/W4232947844","https://openalex.org/W4235152279","https://openalex.org/W4235240664","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4250132424","https://openalex.org/W4283820370","https://openalex.org/W4284672701","https://openalex.org/W4284698748","https://openalex.org/W4286447321","https://openalex.org/W4298512898","https://openalex.org/W4301329292","https://openalex.org/W4315746341","https://openalex.org/W4317564617","https://openalex.org/W4360995171","https://openalex.org/W4383338463","https://openalex.org/W4387267826","https://openalex.org/W4401725485","https://openalex.org/W6737056923","https://openalex.org/W6755846419","https://openalex.org/W6759902637","https://openalex.org/W6762526259","https://openalex.org/W6773267647","https://openalex.org/W6774899823","https://openalex.org/W6797212731","https://openalex.org/W6852505510","https://openalex.org/W6998642858"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W3126939372","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4388131927"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"technology":[1,5],"is":[2,18,45,74],"a":[3],"nascent":[4],"that":[6],"possesses":[7],"attributes":[8],"such":[9,39,80],"as":[10,40,81],"immutability,":[11],"security,":[12],"transparency,":[13],"openness,":[14],"and":[15,23,42,54,57,67,84,105,128,145],"decentralization.":[16],"It":[17],"widely":[19],"used":[20],"in":[21],"industry":[22],"business":[24],"applications.":[25],"Though":[26],"it":[27,32],"has":[28],"the":[29,115,136,149],"best":[30],"features,":[31],"still":[33],"suffers":[34],"from":[35],"some":[36,113],"main":[37],"characteristics,":[38],"scalability":[41,100,110,118,137],"privacy.":[43],"Scalability":[44],"measured":[46],"through":[47],"throughput":[48],"(transactions":[49],"per":[50,70,91],"second),":[51],"space,":[52],"cost,":[53],"latency.":[55],"Bitcoin":[56],"Ethereum,":[58],"which":[59,86],"are":[60],"prominent":[61],"blockchain":[62,104,120],"platforms,":[63],"carry":[64],"out":[65],"7":[66],"20":[68],"transactions":[69,90],"second,":[71],"respectively.":[72],"This":[73],"much":[75],"less":[76],"than":[77],"popular":[78],"platforms":[79],"VISA,":[82],"PayPal,":[83],"Amazon,":[85],"perform":[87],"thousands":[88],"of":[89,99,114,119],"second.":[92],"Therefore,":[93],"this":[94],"article":[95],"presents":[96],"comprehensive":[97],"study":[98],"improving":[101,109],"techniques":[102],"for":[103,108,141,148],"case":[106],"studies":[107],"by":[111,125],"using":[112,138],"techniques.":[116],"The":[117,132],"systems":[121],"can":[122],"be":[123],"enhanced":[124],"on-chain,":[126],"off-chain,":[127],"machine":[129],"learning":[130],"algorithms.":[131],"proposed":[133],"methodology":[134],"improves":[135],"off-chain":[139],"technique":[140],"supply":[142],"chain":[143],"management":[144],"KNN":[146],"classification":[147],"healthcare":[150],"domain.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-25T08:17:42.794288","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
