{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415257562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757460","title":"Building Proactive and Instant-Reactive Safety Designs to Address Harassment in Social Virtual Reality","display_name":"Building Proactive and Instant-Reactive Safety Designs to Address Harassment in Social Virtual Reality","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415257562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757460"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3757460","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183893","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"2573-0142","issn":["2573-0142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757460","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085677494","display_name":"Zoe Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-3327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhehui Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7076-3327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102443090","display_name":"Huimiao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2579-6664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanwen Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2579-6664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ayush Kulkarni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3206-3360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayush Kulkarni","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3206-3360","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120026711","display_name":"Shaan Chattrath","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaan Chattrath","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0105-6238","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037569091","display_name":"Amy X. Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9462-9835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy X. Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9462-9835","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085677494"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9007,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88312288,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"7","first_page":"1","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14056","display_name":"Safety Warnings and Signage","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14056","display_name":"Safety Warnings and Signage","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9678999781608582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.9639999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3614","display_name":"Radiological and Ultrasound Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harassment","display_name":"Harassment","score":0.7890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm","display_name":"Harm","score":0.6279000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socialization","display_name":"Socialization","score":0.5480999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prosocial-behavior","display_name":"Prosocial behavior","score":0.5182999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formative-assessment","display_name":"Formative assessment","score":0.4894999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interactivity","display_name":"Interactivity","score":0.37380000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.319599986076355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778976716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3240539","display_name":"Harassment","level":2,"score":0.7890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.6279000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25032326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185467","display_name":"Socialization","level":2,"score":0.5480999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158608086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2990613","display_name":"Prosocial behavior","level":2,"score":0.5182999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42525527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209955","display_name":"Formative assessment","level":2,"score":0.4894999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.4066999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144430266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839721","display_name":"Interactivity","level":2,"score":0.37380000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130064352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relation","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53001019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1920219","display_name":"Social issues","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779448149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191797","display_name":"Aggression","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779295839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777756574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210980","display_name":"Virtual community","level":3,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3757460","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183893","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"2573-0142","issn":["2573-0142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3757460","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183893","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"2573-0142","issn":["2573-0142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W2010645028","https://openalex.org/W2305014665","https://openalex.org/W2340258158","https://openalex.org/W2548475155","https://openalex.org/W2588107045","https://openalex.org/W2605185559","https://openalex.org/W2775336929","https://openalex.org/W2796346703","https://openalex.org/W2910732263","https://openalex.org/W2942423769","https://openalex.org/W2943327675","https://openalex.org/W2950504429","https://openalex.org/W2964034671","https://openalex.org/W2987794483","https://openalex.org/W2989050900","https://openalex.org/W2998058481","https://openalex.org/W3030528688","https://openalex.org/W3094091431","https://openalex.org/W3118385276","https://openalex.org/W3125435840","https://openalex.org/W3130734453","https://openalex.org/W3163524335","https://openalex.org/W3163763835","https://openalex.org/W3173873710","https://openalex.org/W3176659965","https://openalex.org/W4220881245","https://openalex.org/W4221002304","https://openalex.org/W4225156763","https://openalex.org/W4226254605","https://openalex.org/W4243695588","https://openalex.org/W4287231485","https://openalex.org/W4308426110","https://openalex.org/W4321488316","https://openalex.org/W4365999226","https://openalex.org/W4366547311","https://openalex.org/W4366547655","https://openalex.org/W4380052077","https://openalex.org/W4383681081","https://openalex.org/W4387328642","https://openalex.org/W4387344793","https://openalex.org/W4389296846","https://openalex.org/W4390712116","https://openalex.org/W4396218841","https://openalex.org/W4396642265","https://openalex.org/W4403423174","https://openalex.org/W4404173116"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Social":[0],"Virtual":[1],"Reality":[2],"(VR)":[3],"games":[4],"offer":[5],"immersive":[6],"socialization":[7],"experiences":[8],"but":[9,27],"pose":[10],"significant":[11],"challenges":[12],"of":[13,123],"harassment.":[14],"Common":[15],"solutions,":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18,128],"reporting":[19],"and":[20,42,45,80,107,125,155,176],"moderation,":[21],"address":[22],"harassment":[23,33,51,58],"after":[24],"it":[25],"happens":[26],"fail":[28],"to":[29,49,95,109,172],"prevent":[30,57],"or":[31],"stop":[32],"in":[34,52],"the":[35],"moment.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38],"study,":[39],"we":[40,88,141],"explore":[41,69],"design":[43,97],"proactive":[44,124,175],"instant-reactive":[46,62,126,177],"safety":[47,117,167],"designs":[48,56,63],"mitigate":[50],"social":[53,78,130,159],"VR.":[54],"Proactive":[55],"from":[59],"occurring,":[60],"while":[61],"minimize":[64],"harm":[65],"during":[66,150],"incidents.":[67],"We":[68,111,161],"three":[70],"directions":[71],"for":[72,99,180],"design:":[73],"user-initiated":[74],"personal":[75],"bubbles,":[76],"clarifying":[77],"norms,":[79,154],"encouraging":[81],"bystander":[82],"intervention.":[83],"Through":[84],"an":[85,115,134],"iterative":[86],"process,":[87],"first":[89],"conducted":[90],"a":[91,121,129],"formative":[92],"interview":[93],"study":[94],"determine":[96],"goals":[98],"making":[100],"these":[101],"features":[102,168],"effective,":[103],"fit":[104],"user":[105],"needs,":[106],"robust":[108],"manipulation.":[110],"then":[112],"implemented":[113],"Puffer,":[114],"integrated":[116],"system":[118,166],"that":[119,144],"includes":[120],"suite":[122],"features,":[127],"VR":[131],"prototype.":[132],"From":[133],"evaluation":[135],"using":[136],"simulated":[137],"scenarios":[138],"with":[139,182],"participants,":[140],"find":[142],"evidence":[143],"Puffer":[145],"can":[146,169],"help":[147],"protect":[148],"players":[149],"emergencies,":[151],"foster":[152],"prosocial":[153],"create":[156],"more":[157],"positive":[158],"interactions.":[160],"conclude":[162],"by":[163],"discussing":[164],"how":[165],"be":[170],"designed":[171],"complement":[173],"existing":[174],"strategies,":[178],"particularly":[179],"people":[181],"marginalized":[183],"identities.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-17T00:00:00"}