{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134829310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757279.3785594","title":"Robot Tutors or Peers? Evaluating Math Learning and Conformity with LLM-Powered Robots in Tanzanian Primary Schools","display_name":"Robot Tutors or Peers? Evaluating Math Learning and Conformity with LLM-Powered Robots in Tanzanian Primary Schools","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134829310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757279.3785594"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3757279.3785594","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757279.3785594","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01KMDF9RQKP9K3GM3XZJ3AXY8C","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011190138","display_name":"Edger P. Rutatola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2401-3672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15846685","display_name":"Mzumbe University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qrvdj69","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15846685"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801227569","display_name":"Ghent University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkp704","country_code":"BE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801227569"]}],"countries":["BE","TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edger P. Rutatola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","Mzumbe University, Morogoro, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2401-3672","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801227569"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mzumbe University, Morogoro, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15846685"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120235727","display_name":"Elina C. Ntahomvukye","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15846685","display_name":"Mzumbe University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qrvdj69","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15846685"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elina C. Ntahomvukye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mzumbe University, Morogoro, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9119-4105","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mzumbe University, Morogoro, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15846685"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128659563","display_name":"Koen Stroeken","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801227569","display_name":"Ghent University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkp704","country_code":"BE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801227569"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koen Stroeken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3409-444X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801227569"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035627933","display_name":"Tony Belpaeme","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5207-7745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801227569","display_name":"Ghent University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkp704","country_code":"BE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801227569"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tony Belpaeme","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5207-7745","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801227569"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"237","last_page":"245"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.19670000672340393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.19670000672340393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13194","display_name":"ICT in Developing Communities","score":0.0835999995470047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11370","display_name":"Mobile Learning in Education","score":0.04800000041723251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.7236999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conformity","display_name":"Conformity","score":0.5203999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tanzania","display_name":"Tanzania","score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-robotics","display_name":"Educational robotics","score":0.3183000087738037}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.7236999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.545199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142172996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221284","display_name":"Conformity","level":2,"score":0.5203999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4318999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779357621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655495","display_name":"Tanzania","level":2,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183889225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5341299","display_name":"Educational robotics","level":4,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2775000035762787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3757279.3785594","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757279.3785594","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:01KMDF9RQKP9K3GM3XZJ3AXY8C","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01KMDF9RQKP9K3GM3XZJ3AXY8C","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISBN: 9798400721281","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:01KMDF9RQKP9K3GM3XZJ3AXY8C","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01KMDF9RQKP9K3GM3XZJ3AXY8C","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISBN: 9798400721281","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7559064030647278,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2060880492","https://openalex.org/W2132738192","https://openalex.org/W2210403097","https://openalex.org/W2902841042","https://openalex.org/W3004687210","https://openalex.org/W3004720641","https://openalex.org/W3017131514","https://openalex.org/W3019409808","https://openalex.org/W3041258171","https://openalex.org/W3041437411","https://openalex.org/W3094370866","https://openalex.org/W3122380230","https://openalex.org/W3138340427","https://openalex.org/W3207981069","https://openalex.org/W4256531915","https://openalex.org/W4280583883","https://openalex.org/W4307870206","https://openalex.org/W4317506334","https://openalex.org/W4361269329","https://openalex.org/W4388623461","https://openalex.org/W4391482108","https://openalex.org/W4396627357","https://openalex.org/W4399790131","https://openalex.org/W4400865915","https://openalex.org/W4401991144","https://openalex.org/W4407100297","https://openalex.org/W4412684166","https://openalex.org/W4412749087","https://openalex.org/W4413329030"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,14,61,74,100,123,146,151,172,181,184,193,197,204],"past":[2,88],"decade,":[3],"more":[4],"than":[5],"half":[6],"of":[7,34,63,186],"Tanzanian":[8,133],"pupils":[9,81,114,130,159,210],"have":[10,39],"failed":[11],"mathematics":[12,85,143],"in":[13,42,82,97,190],"national":[15],"Primary":[16],"School":[17],"Leaving":[18],"Examinations":[19],"(PSLEs),":[20],"a":[21,32,71,77,200],"problem":[22],"often":[23,160],"linked":[24],"to":[25,79,95,105,111,196,211],"large":[26,49],"class":[27],"sizes,":[28],"limited":[29],"resources,":[30],"and":[31,45,73,118,183],"shortage":[33],"qualified":[35],"teachers.":[36],"Social":[37],"robots":[38,101,139,189],"shown":[40],"promise":[41],"supporting":[43],"learning,":[44],"their":[46,120],"integration":[47],"with":[48,145,192],"language":[50],"models":[51],"(LLMs)":[52],"enables":[53],"advanced":[54],"conversational":[55],"tutoring":[56],"capabilities.":[57],"This":[58],"study":[59],"investigates":[60],"use":[62],"two":[64,132],"LLM-powered":[65,138],"NAO":[66],"robots,":[67],"one":[68],"acting":[69],"as":[70,76,167,174],"tutor":[72,148],"other":[75],"peer,":[78],"assist":[80],"solving":[83],"complex":[84],"problems":[86],"from":[87,128],"PSLEs.":[89],"Recognising":[90],"that":[91,137,158,208],"LLMs":[92],"are":[93],"prone":[94],"errors":[96,117],"mathematical":[98],"reasoning,":[99],"were":[102],"deliberately":[103],"programmed":[104],"make":[106],"noticeable":[107],"mistakes,":[108],"allowing":[109],"us":[110],"examine":[112],"whether":[113],"detect":[115],"these":[116],"how":[119],"responses":[121],"shape":[122],"learning":[124],"process.":[125],"Data":[126],"collected":[127],"54":[129],"across":[131],"primary":[134],"schools":[135],"indicate":[136],"can":[140],"significantly":[141],"enhance":[142],"performance,":[144],"robot":[147,152,173,198],"slightly":[149],"outperforming":[150],"peer.":[153],"However,":[154],"results":[155],"also":[156],"reveal":[157],"accept":[161],"robot-provided":[162,213],"answers,":[163],"even":[164],"when":[165],"recognised":[166],"incorrect,":[168],"if":[169],"they":[170],"perceive":[171],"being":[175,199],"smart.":[176],"These":[177],"findings":[178],"underscore":[179],"both":[180],"potential":[182],"risks":[185],"deploying":[187],"autonomous":[188],"education,":[191],"authority":[194],"attributed":[195],"double-edged":[201],"sword,":[202],"highlighting":[203],"need":[205],"for":[206],"designs":[207],"encourage":[209],"question":[212],"solutions.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-03-11T00:00:00"}
