{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7116401852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3754598.3754629","title":"FLEX: Leveraging FPGA-CPU Synergy for Mixed-Cell-Height Legalization Acceleration","display_name":"FLEX: Leveraging FPGA-CPU Synergy for Mixed-Cell-Height Legalization Acceleration","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7116401852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3754598.3754629"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3754598.3754629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3754598.3754629","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 54th International Conference on Parallel Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3754598.3754629","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xingyu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0897-8670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xingyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0897-8670","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiawei Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0748-3183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0748-3183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120882498","display_name":"Linfeng Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linfeng Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3007-4890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yipu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9465-5807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yipu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9465-5807","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chaofang Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2082-4916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaofang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2082-4916","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037594554","display_name":"Hanwei Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1177-2108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanwei Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1177-2108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120873689","display_name":"Jiang Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9089-7752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120903971","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7622-6714","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6531,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77785565,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"278","last_page":"287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.39480000734329224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.39480000734329224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.3522999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.0649000033736229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6811000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legalization","display_name":"Legalization","score":0.6780999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5927000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.5404999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/very-large-scale-integration","display_name":"Very-large-scale integration","score":0.5167999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idle","display_name":"Idle","score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4146000146865845}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6811000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778506969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940525","display_name":"Legalization","level":2,"score":0.6780999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6550999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5927000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.5404999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14580979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876049","display_name":"Very-large-scale integration","level":2,"score":0.5167999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16320812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1812200","display_name":"Idle","level":2,"score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48262172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16908765","display_name":"Design process","level":3,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138852830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2292993","display_name":"Design methods","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2533000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3754598.3754629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3754598.3754629","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 54th International Conference on Parallel Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3754598.3754629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3754598.3754629","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 54th International Conference on Parallel Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8200943470001221}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022582466","https://openalex.org/W2169601443","https://openalex.org/W2170555137","https://openalex.org/W2588595212","https://openalex.org/W2614941374","https://openalex.org/W2900234690","https://openalex.org/W2935696819","https://openalex.org/W2945408485","https://openalex.org/W3036696276","https://openalex.org/W3111205547","https://openalex.org/W3122795190","https://openalex.org/W3198298655","https://openalex.org/W3213323378","https://openalex.org/W4205530346","https://openalex.org/W4244302406","https://openalex.org/W4246276176","https://openalex.org/W4296205414","https://openalex.org/W4386902777","https://openalex.org/W4401861724","https://openalex.org/W4401861817","https://openalex.org/W4408395358"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Legalization":[0],"is":[1,29],"a":[2],"critical":[3],"yet":[4],"time-consuming":[5],"step":[6],"in":[7,72],"very":[8],"large-scale":[9],"integration":[10],"(VLSI)":[11],"design,":[12],"tasked":[13],"with":[14,68],"iteratively":[15],"relocating":[16],"standard":[17],"cells":[18],"to":[19],"eliminate":[20],"overlaps":[21],"while":[22],"resolving":[23],"design":[24,42],"rule":[25],"violations.":[26],"This":[27],"process":[28],"repeatedly":[30],"invoked":[31],"during":[32],"VLSI":[33],"physical":[34],"design.":[35],"However,":[36],"increasing":[37],"spatial":[38],"constraints":[39],"and":[40,50,59],"complex":[41],"rules":[43],"impose":[44],"significant":[45],"challenges":[46],"on":[47],"existing":[48],"CPU-":[49],"GPU-based":[51],"legalizers,":[52],"including":[53],"suboptimal":[54],"task":[55],"assignment,":[56],"inefficient":[57],"algorithm,":[58],"long":[60],"hardware":[61],"idle":[62],"time":[63],"caused":[64],"by":[65],"processing":[66],"tasks":[67],"irregular":[69],"computational":[70],"patterns":[71],"parallel.":[73]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T02:06:08.432651","created_date":"2025-12-21T00:00:00"}
