{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412700544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3748664","title":"Modality Matters: Online Computing Course Delivery and Students\u2019 Computing Orientation and Sense of Belonging in\u00a0the COVID-19 Era","display_name":"Modality Matters: Online Computing Course Delivery and Students\u2019 Computing Orientation and Sense of Belonging in\u00a0the COVID-19 Era","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412700544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3748664"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3748664","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3748664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764465379","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education","issn_l":"1946-6226","issn":["1946-6226"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056939716","display_name":"Linda J. Sax","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8133-021X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linda J. Sax","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Education and Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, Los\u00a0Angeles, California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education and Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, Los\u00a0Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088842549","display_name":"Kaitlyn N. Stormes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9998-8746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaitlyn N. Stormes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Louise McBee Institute of Higher Education, University of Georgia, Athens,\u00a0Georgia, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Louise McBee Institute of Higher Education, University of Georgia, Athens,\u00a0Georgia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119095037","display_name":"Maxx F. Pereyra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxx F. Pereyra","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Education and Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education and Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056939716"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17579186,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10726","display_name":"Career Development and Diversity","score":0.95660001039505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10726","display_name":"Career Development and Diversity","score":0.95660001039505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.951200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12515","display_name":"Gender and Technology in Education","score":0.9402999877929688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.702580451965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.6802423000335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/course","display_name":"Course (navigation)","score":0.6789236664772034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.5711554288864136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5610457062721252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-course","display_name":"Online course","score":0.4701899290084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.46103858947753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.44490718841552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.4441326856613159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.30606788396835327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.228360116481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1668262779712677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.16395866870880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.14453363418579102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11224648356437683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.702580451965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.6802423000335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777552389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1962728","display_name":"Course (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.6789236664772034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5711554288864136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5610457062721252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986081426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Online course","level":2,"score":0.4701899290084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.46103858947753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.44490718841552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.4441326856613159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.30606788396835327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.228360116481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1668262779712677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16395866870880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.14453363418579102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11224648356437683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3748664","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3748664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764465379","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education","issn_l":"1946-6226","issn":["1946-6226"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W226667524","https://openalex.org/W1026558016","https://openalex.org/W1579483108","https://openalex.org/W1687617301","https://openalex.org/W2015526803","https://openalex.org/W2016226370","https://openalex.org/W2081095376","https://openalex.org/W2128879035","https://openalex.org/W2166914751","https://openalex.org/W2293471625","https://openalex.org/W2316931250","https://openalex.org/W2581618815","https://openalex.org/W2591916552","https://openalex.org/W2753101750","https://openalex.org/W2765759669","https://openalex.org/W2790775325","https://openalex.org/W2882978239","https://openalex.org/W2966086133","https://openalex.org/W3007590077","https://openalex.org/W3012980250","https://openalex.org/W3084177212","https://openalex.org/W3086022862","https://openalex.org/W3088567566","https://openalex.org/W3132118157","https://openalex.org/W3134830259","https://openalex.org/W3148706164","https://openalex.org/W3158635138","https://openalex.org/W3164357459","https://openalex.org/W3176775817","https://openalex.org/W3177406770","https://openalex.org/W3195797676","https://openalex.org/W3198521730","https://openalex.org/W3211783256","https://openalex.org/W4206162062","https://openalex.org/W4232167354","https://openalex.org/W4234993303","https://openalex.org/W4284675831","https://openalex.org/W4323037531","https://openalex.org/W4365143463","https://openalex.org/W4400267699","https://openalex.org/W4401357169"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4394530630","https://openalex.org/W2588045479","https://openalex.org/W4394699476","https://openalex.org/W4391466912","https://openalex.org/W1997403471","https://openalex.org/W2365849016","https://openalex.org/W4393313150","https://openalex.org/W2562948430","https://openalex.org/W4394438265","https://openalex.org/W4402888681"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"cultivate":[1],"more":[2,6,269],"computing":[3,19,55,120,135,184,205,208],"talent":[4],"(including":[5],"diverse":[7],"talent),":[8],"it":[9],"is":[10],"important":[11],"to":[12,41,133,153,174,203,228],"understand":[13,42],"how":[14],"college":[15,80],"students":[16,78,166],"experience":[17],"their":[18,183],"courses":[20,45,169,195,209,241,247,261,267],"and":[21,30,59,63,85,115,123,144,271],"if":[22],"such":[23,65,246,266],"experiences":[24],"vary":[25,67,229],"based":[26],"on":[27,38,118],"students\u2019":[28,69,119,134,158,204,231],"gender":[29,70,232],"racial/ethnic":[31,72],"identities.":[32],"In":[33,127],"this":[34],"paper,":[35],"we":[36,107,129],"focus":[37],"course":[39,91,145,177],"modality":[40],"whether":[43,64],"taking":[44],"in-person,":[46],"online,":[47],"or":[48],"a":[49,88,249],"hybrid":[50],"of":[51,94,112,138,160,191,222,252],"both":[52],"shapes":[53],"undergraduates\u2019":[54],"orientation":[56,121,206],"(i.e.,":[57],"interest":[58],"confidence":[60,124],"in":[61,125,171,182,211],"computing)":[62],"dynamics":[66],"by":[68,230,239],"and/or":[71,233],"background.":[73],"Participants":[74],"included":[75],"5,904":[76],"undergraduate":[77],"attending":[79],"during":[81],"the":[82,99,110,139,151,220,236],"COVID-19":[83],"era":[84],"who":[86,167],"took":[87,168],"computer":[89],"programming":[90],"at":[92],"one":[93],"16":[95],"research":[96],"universities":[97],"across":[98],"United":[100],"States.":[101],"Using":[102],"secondary":[103],"student":[104],"survey":[105],"data,":[106],"quantitatively":[108],"analyze":[109],"effect":[111,221],"several":[113],"background":[114],"college-related":[116],"variables":[117,131,156],"(interest":[122],"computing).":[126],"particular,":[128],"investigate":[130],"related":[132],"contexts,":[136],"pedagogy":[137],"first":[140],"course,":[141],"student-faculty":[142],"interactions,":[143],"instructional":[146],"modes.":[147],"Post-hoc":[148],"analyses":[149],"reveal":[150],"extent":[152],"which":[154],"these":[155],"predict":[157],"sense":[159,251],"belonging.":[161],"ANOVA":[162],"results":[163,187],"indicate":[164],"that":[165,219,259],"completely":[170],"person,":[172],"compared":[173],"all":[175],"other":[176,192],"modes,":[178],"reported":[179],"greater":[180,250],"gains":[181],"orientation.":[185],"Regression":[186],"suggest":[188,218],"that,":[189],"net":[190],"predictors,":[193],"online":[194,223,240,260],"(in":[196],"particular":[197],"those":[198],"offered":[199,210],"synchronously)":[200],"contribute":[201],"less":[202],"than":[207],"person.":[212],"Furthermore,":[213],"tests":[214],"for":[215],"interaction":[216],"effects":[217],"learning":[224,273],"does":[225],"not":[226],"appear":[227],"race/ethnicity;":[234],"however,":[235],"role":[237],"played":[238],"can":[242,262],"be":[243,263],"enhanced":[244],"when":[245,265],"foster":[248,268],"belonging":[253],"among":[254],"students.":[255],"The":[256],"study":[257],"suggests":[258],"improved":[264],"inclusive":[270],"supportive":[272],"environments.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}