{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163999675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3748522.3779876","title":"A Methodology for Verifiable Query Result Integrity in Blockchain Indexing Systems","display_name":"A Methodology for Verifiable Query Result Integrity in Blockchain Indexing Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163999675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3748522.3779876"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3748522.3779876","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3748522.3779876","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 41st ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3748522.3779876","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138239188","display_name":"Xinrui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-5104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinrui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-5104","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007577685","display_name":"BooJoong Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5984-9867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boojoong Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5984-9867","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089567320","display_name":"Leonardo Aniello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2886-8445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Aniello","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2886-8445","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5138239188"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97751712,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"437","last_page":"446"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.5480999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.5480999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.10899999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.07490000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.7074000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.7008000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integrity","display_name":"Data integrity","score":0.6499000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6473000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-indexing","display_name":"Search engine indexing","score":0.5575000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.47850000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.4366999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-analysis","display_name":"Security analysis","score":0.4009999930858612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7074000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.7008000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.6499000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6473000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.5575000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.47850000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.4366999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.3971000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157692150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2919848","display_name":"Query optimization","level":2,"score":0.391400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17231256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156540","display_name":"Completeness (order theory)","level":2,"score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99016210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5488129","display_name":"Query expansion","level":2,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192028432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845739","display_name":"Query language","level":2,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192939062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104840822","display_name":"Sargable","level":4,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14746","display_name":"Merkle tree","level":4,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3748522.3779876","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3748522.3779876","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 41st ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3748522.3779876","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3748522.3779876","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 41st ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7543652653694153,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1960861358","https://openalex.org/W2003500686","https://openalex.org/W2052388228","https://openalex.org/W2081225688","https://openalex.org/W2109549608","https://openalex.org/W2125040475","https://openalex.org/W2676157184","https://openalex.org/W4291366424","https://openalex.org/W4366660321"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"indexing":[1,86],"systems":[2,39],"extract":[3],"and":[4,12,93,117,210],"transform":[5],"raw":[6],"on-chain":[7],"data,":[8],"such":[9],"as":[10,30,171],"events":[11],"transactions,":[13],"into":[14],"structured":[15],"formats":[16],"stored":[17],"in":[18,174,218],"off-chain":[19],"databases":[20],"to":[21,54,112,190,212],"enable":[22],"efficient":[23,207],"querying.":[24],"Indexers":[25],"offer":[26],"blockchain":[27,115],"data":[28,59],"querying":[29],"a":[31,71,89,102,128,186,214,229],"service":[32],"by":[33],"exposing":[34,52],"an":[35,78],"API.":[36],"While":[37],"these":[38],"are":[40,240],"essential":[41],"for":[42,121,206],"scalable":[43],"decentralised":[44],"applications,":[45],"they":[46,141],"typically":[47],"rely":[48],"on":[49],"untrusted":[50],"indexers,":[51],"clients":[53],"result":[55,167,194],"integrity":[56,168,195],"violations,":[57,169],"including":[58],"omission,":[60],"insertion,":[61],"or":[62,176],"tampering.":[63],"We":[64,183,226],"propose":[65],"Query":[66,81,223],"Result":[67,129,144],"Integrity":[68],"Proof":[69,104,130,145],"(QRI-Proof),":[70],"verifiable":[72],"query":[73,148,193],"processing":[74],"methodology":[75],"built":[76],"upon":[77],"existing":[79,85],"methodology,":[80,204],"Racing;":[82],"QRI-Proof":[83,203],"augments":[84],"services":[87],"through":[88],"novel":[90],"system":[91],"design":[92],"cryptographic":[94],"proof":[95,161,208],"mechanism.":[96],"First,":[97],"each":[98,122],"indexer":[99,126],"periodically":[100],"publishes":[101],"Complete":[103,157],"over":[105],"its":[106,152],"indexed":[107],"dataset,":[108],"which":[109],"is":[110],"anchored":[111],"the":[113,125,133,143,147,155,202,219,222,236],"immutable":[114],"state":[116],"publicly":[118],"auditable.":[119],"Second,":[120],"client":[123],"query,":[124],"generates":[127],"that":[131,234],"certifies":[132],"exact":[134],"records":[135],"returned.":[136],"Clients":[137],"perform":[138],"two-step":[139],"verification:":[140],"validate":[142],"against":[146],"result,":[149],"then":[150],"verify":[151],"consistency":[153],"with":[154],"published":[156],"Proof.":[158],"This":[159],"chained":[160],"mechanism":[162],"guarantees":[163],"detection":[164],"of":[165],"any":[166,172],"defined":[170],"deviation":[173],"correctness":[175],"completeness":[177],"under":[178],"our":[179],"formal":[180],"threat":[181,188],"model.":[182],"first":[184],"present":[185],"detailed":[187],"analysis":[189,232],"characterise":[191],"how":[192],"can":[196],"be":[197],"violated.":[198],"Then,":[199],"we":[200],"describe":[201],"designed":[205],"generation":[209],"enhanced":[211],"address":[213],"previously":[215,237],"unidentified":[216],"weakness":[217],"original":[220],"approach,":[221],"Racing":[224],"methodology.":[225],"also":[227],"provide":[228],"rigorous":[230],"security":[231],"demonstrating":[233],"all":[235],"identified":[238],"threats":[239],"detectable.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-10T14:10:52.464848","created_date":"2026-06-10T00:00:00"}