{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414210621","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3748268","title":"From IaC to IoC\u2014Using Infrastructure as Code (IaC) to Generate Synthetic Datasets of Compromised (IoC) Linux Systems for Use in Digital Forensics","display_name":"From IaC to IoC\u2014Using Infrastructure as Code (IaC) to Generate Synthetic Datasets of Compromised (IoC) Linux Systems for Use in Digital Forensics","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414210621","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3748268"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3748268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3748268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235901","display_name":"Digital Threats Research and Practice","issn_l":"2576-5337","issn":["2576-5337","2692-1626"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Threats: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3748268","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016716054","display_name":"Thomas G\u00f6bel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5670-8150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas G\u00f6bel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute CODE, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany","University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Research Institute CODE, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5670-8150","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute CODE, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Research Institute CODE, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010243095","display_name":"Harald Baier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harald Baier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute CODE, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany","University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Research Institute CODE, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6398","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute CODE, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Research Institute CODE, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3589,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91131831,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6139000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-forensics","display_name":"Digital forensics","score":0.5210999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.35679998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-concept","display_name":"Proof of concept","score":0.34869998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extension","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","score":0.3133000135421753}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6139000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84418412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246940","display_name":"Digital forensics","level":2,"score":0.5210999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.447299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.35679998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.34869998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104582849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787282","display_name":"Automatic identification and data capture","level":2,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778864079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173285","display_name":"Digital data","level":3,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988963302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629206","display_name":"Program code","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3748268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3748268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235901","display_name":"Digital Threats Research and Practice","issn_l":"2576-5337","issn":["2576-5337","2692-1626"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Threats: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3748268","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3748268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235901","display_name":"Digital Threats Research and Practice","issn_l":"2576-5337","issn":["2576-5337","2692-1626"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Threats: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1184775628","https://openalex.org/W1468772883","https://openalex.org/W2076342816","https://openalex.org/W2097392047","https://openalex.org/W2128279601","https://openalex.org/W2326059556","https://openalex.org/W2599533098","https://openalex.org/W2606411279","https://openalex.org/W2742353928","https://openalex.org/W2935961537","https://openalex.org/W3013896538","https://openalex.org/W3025740502","https://openalex.org/W4213423307","https://openalex.org/W4221111023","https://openalex.org/W4243667216","https://openalex.org/W4313479837","https://openalex.org/W4320339608","https://openalex.org/W4381852627","https://openalex.org/W4383498532","https://openalex.org/W4384933046","https://openalex.org/W4392852568","https://openalex.org/W4394982193","https://openalex.org/W4406959359","https://openalex.org/W6944264570"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,19,74,98,145,180],"the":[2,24,61,84,100,105,110,118,153,161,175,186,216,221,226],"increasing":[3],"number":[4],"of":[5,60,131,149,163,177,202,207],"cyber":[6],"attacks,":[7],"there":[8],"is":[9],"a":[10,67,125,132],"growing":[11],"need":[12],"for":[13,42,92,168],"incident":[14,30],"responders":[15],"who":[16],"are":[17,40,51],"able":[18],"reconstruct":[20],"events":[21],"and":[22,45,87,104,127,173,213],"assess":[23,174],"actual":[25,217],"damage":[26],"caused":[27,184],"by":[28,109,185],"an":[29,89],"using":[31,209],"Digital":[32],"Forensics":[33],"(DF).":[34],"For":[35],"this":[36,80],"reason,":[37],"DF":[38],"datasets":[39,50,198],"crucial":[41],"education,":[43],"training":[44],"tool":[46],"testing.":[47],"Currently,":[48],"such":[49],"available":[52,63],"either":[53],"as":[54,124,165,205],"statically":[55],"prepared":[56],"images":[57],"via":[58],"one":[59],"publicly":[62],"dataset":[64,68],"repositories.":[65],"Alternatively,":[66],"generation":[69,112,188],"framework":[70,91,106,122,193],"can":[71,136],"be":[72],"used":[73],"synthesise":[75],"individually":[76],"configurable":[77],"datasets.":[78],"In":[79,156],"article,":[81],"we":[82,116,159,195],"use":[83],"second":[85],"approach":[86,179,212],"extend":[88],"established":[90],"our":[93,129,178,192,210],"purposes.":[94],"Our":[95],"extension":[96],"applies":[97],"both":[99],"target":[101,171],"operating":[102],"system":[103],"traces":[107,218,223],"induced":[108],"data":[111,120,187],"framework.":[113,189],"More":[114],"specifically,":[115],"take":[117],"existing":[119],"synthesis":[121],"ForTrace":[123],"baseline":[126],"integrate":[128],"concept":[130,208],"Linux":[133,141],"module":[134],"that":[135],"perform":[137],"(semi-)automatic":[138],"attacks":[139],"on":[140,225],"systems":[142,172,204],"in":[143],"order":[144],"create":[146],"appropriate":[147],"Indicators":[148],"Compromise":[150],"(IoC)":[151],"within":[152],"generated":[154,219],"image.":[155],"doing":[157],"so,":[158],"evaluate":[160,191],"suitability":[162],"Infrastructure":[164],"Code":[166],"(IaC)":[167],"configuring":[169],"vulnerable":[170],"effectiveness":[176],"avoiding":[181],"undesirable":[182],"artefacts":[183],"To":[190],"extension,":[194],"generate":[196],"synthetic":[197],"from":[199],"two":[200],"types":[201],"compromised":[203],"proof":[206],"new":[211],"then":[214],"compare":[215],"with":[220],"expected":[222],"based":[224],"respective":[227],"scenario.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}