{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412070868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3747347","title":"Understanding Open Source Contributor Profiles in Popular Machine Learning Libraries","display_name":"Understanding Open Source Contributor Profiles in Popular Machine Learning Libraries","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412070868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3747347"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3747347","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3747347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049403405","display_name":"Jiawen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5617-1487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5617-1487","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100765845","display_name":"Haoxiang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3921-1724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoxiang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Analysis and Intelligence Lab (SAIL), Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","Software Analysis and Intelligence Lab (SAIL), Queen's University, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3921-1724","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Analysis and Intelligence Lab (SAIL), Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Analysis and Intelligence Lab (SAIL), Queen's University, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101468895","display_name":"Ying Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5335-0261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5335-0261","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9783,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81882074,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"59"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8405945301055908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.616619348526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.45115670561790466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4000377655029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.37630167603492737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36388325691223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.19161584973335266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.17243635654449463}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8405945301055908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.616619348526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.45115670561790466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4000377655029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.37630167603492737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36388325691223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.19161584973335266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.17243635654449463}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3747347","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3747347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1789016606","https://openalex.org/W1971128030","https://openalex.org/W1989862714","https://openalex.org/W2019655958","https://openalex.org/W2031648200","https://openalex.org/W2043837581","https://openalex.org/W2057245786","https://openalex.org/W2066224491","https://openalex.org/W2078213728","https://openalex.org/W2096451472","https://openalex.org/W2107294940","https://openalex.org/W2108161968","https://openalex.org/W2118169639","https://openalex.org/W2122676969","https://openalex.org/W2154236932","https://openalex.org/W2181523240","https://openalex.org/W2339077968","https://openalex.org/W2499134242","https://openalex.org/W2552408584","https://openalex.org/W2755160617","https://openalex.org/W2787663854","https://openalex.org/W2789444109","https://openalex.org/W2799470787","https://openalex.org/W2883626290","https://openalex.org/W2899407111","https://openalex.org/W2909755202","https://openalex.org/W2914016760","https://openalex.org/W2914747561","https://openalex.org/W2921250636","https://openalex.org/W2945843801","https://openalex.org/W2946357416","https://openalex.org/W2953554506","https://openalex.org/W2954574984","https://openalex.org/W2964759459","https://openalex.org/W2968594320","https://openalex.org/W2972278312","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3005940936","https://openalex.org/W3014164501","https://openalex.org/W3014988774","https://openalex.org/W3018447383","https://openalex.org/W3025197436","https://openalex.org/W3033375835","https://openalex.org/W3090643686","https://openalex.org/W3090668201","https://openalex.org/W3091633490","https://openalex.org/W3097007871","https://openalex.org/W3104278356","https://openalex.org/W3111184121","https://openalex.org/W3119696503","https://openalex.org/W3160700180","https://openalex.org/W3209777434","https://openalex.org/W4206439534","https://openalex.org/W4214828099","https://openalex.org/W4224254720","https://openalex.org/W4233636455","https://openalex.org/W4255816276","https://openalex.org/W4284680133","https://openalex.org/W4294541781","https://openalex.org/W4299627282","https://openalex.org/W4312558719","https://openalex.org/W4313058388","https://openalex.org/W4327594616","https://openalex.org/W4362603997","https://openalex.org/W4376988674","https://openalex.org/W4377371874","https://openalex.org/W4382938483","https://openalex.org/W4384026546","https://openalex.org/W4384345665","https://openalex.org/W4387696349","https://openalex.org/W4387869001","https://openalex.org/W4388212678","https://openalex.org/W4388579575","https://openalex.org/W4388821683","https://openalex.org/W4389159035","https://openalex.org/W4389162170","https://openalex.org/W4389337865","https://openalex.org/W4390411712","https://openalex.org/W4390812405","https://openalex.org/W4391558518","https://openalex.org/W4393029160"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,59,85],"increasing":[2],"popularity":[3],"of":[4,24,43,74,76,181],"machine":[5],"learning":[6],"(ML),":[7],"many":[8],"open":[9],"source":[10],"software":[11,86],"(OSS)":[12],"contributors":[13,26,66,78,96,127,185,214],"are":[14,178,205],"attracted":[15],"to":[16,93,195],"developing":[17],"and":[18,34,47,61,119,141,156,172,175,202,211,221],"adopting":[19],"ML":[20,25,31,51,65,77,95,102,131],"approaches.":[21],"Comprehensive":[22],"understanding":[23,58,75],"is":[27,40,71],"crucial":[28],"for":[29],"successful":[30],"OSS":[32,52,108,192],"development":[33],"maintenance.":[35],"Without":[36],"such":[37],"knowledge,":[38],"there":[39],"a":[41,72],"risk":[42],"inefficient":[44],"resource":[45],"allocation":[46],"hindered":[48],"collaboration":[49],"in":[50,84,101,186],"projects.":[53],"Existing":[54],"research":[55],"focuses":[56],"on":[57,80],"difficulties":[60],"challenges":[62],"perceived":[63],"by":[64,97],"through":[67],"user":[68],"surveys.":[69],"There":[70],"lack":[73],"based":[79],"their":[81],"activities":[82],"recorded":[83],"repositories.":[87],"In":[88],"this":[89],"article,":[90],"we":[91,143],"aim":[92],"understand":[94],"identifying":[98],"contributor":[99,148],"profiles":[100,188],"libraries.":[103],"We":[104,159],"further":[105],"study":[106],"contributors\u2019":[107,199],"engagement":[109,193],"from":[110,128],"four":[111,147],"aspects:":[112],"workload":[113,203],"composition,":[114],"work":[115,200],"preferences,":[116],"technical":[117,223],"importance,":[118],"ML-specific":[120],"versus":[121],"SE":[122],"contributions.":[123,224],"By":[124],"investigating":[125],"11,949":[126],"eight":[129],"popular":[130],"libraries":[132],"(i.e.,":[133],"TensorFlow,":[134],"PyTorch,":[135],"scikit-learn,":[136],"Keras,":[137],"MXNet,":[138],"Theano/Aesara,":[139],"ONNX,":[140],"deeplearning4j),":[142],"categorize":[144],"them":[145],"into":[146],"profiles:":[149],"Core-Nighttime":[150],",":[151,153,155],"Core-Daytime":[152],"Peripheral-Nighttime":[154],"Peripheral-Daytime":[157],".":[158],"find":[160],"that:":[161],"(1)":[162],"project":[163,209],"experience,":[164],"authored":[165],"files,":[166],"collaborations,":[167],"pull":[168],"requests":[169],"comments":[170],"received":[171],"approval":[173],"ratio,":[174],"geographical":[176],"location":[177],"significant":[179],"features":[180],"all":[182],"profiles;":[183,197],"(2)":[184],"Core":[187],"exhibit":[189],"significantly":[190,206],"different":[191],"compared":[194],"Peripheral":[196],"(3)":[198],"preferences":[201],"compositions":[204],"correlated":[207],"with":[208],"popularity;":[210],"(4)":[212],"long-term":[213],"evolve":[215],"toward":[216],"making":[217],"fewer,":[218],"constant,":[219],"balanced":[220],"less":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}