{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161169230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746467.3801493","title":"A Taxonomy of Architectural Technical Debt in Legacy Object-Oriented Systems","display_name":"A Taxonomy of Architectural Technical Debt in Legacy Object-Oriented Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161169230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746467.3801493"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746467.3801493","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746467.3801493","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 ACM Southeast Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746467.3801493","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134029224","display_name":"Lionel E. Standridge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203088144","display_name":"Nova Southeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/042bbge36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203088144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lionel E. Standridge","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, AI, and Cybersecurity, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7469-7466","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, AI, and Cybersecurity, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203088144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056657441","display_name":"Frank J. Mitropoulos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203088144","display_name":"Nova Southeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/042bbge36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203088144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank J. Mitropoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, AI, and Cybersecurity, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1131-2731","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, AI, and Cybersecurity, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203088144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5134029224"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203088144"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97427002,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"194","last_page":"198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.5,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.5,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.219200000166893,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12000","display_name":"Systems Engineering Methodologies and Applications","score":0.04089999943971634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maintainability","display_name":"Maintainability","score":0.7597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.7021999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.5770999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-debt","display_name":"Technical debt","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependability","display_name":"Dependability","score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-refactoring","display_name":"Code refactoring","score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modularity","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohesion","display_name":"Cohesion (chemistry)","score":0.42399999499320984}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160713754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1389965","display_name":"Maintainability","level":2,"score":0.7597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7021999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5770999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5760999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.567799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159198006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532172","display_name":"Technical debt","level":4,"score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77019957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2689057","display_name":"Dependability","level":2,"score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152752567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877","display_name":"Code refactoring","level":3,"score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779478453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889748","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104054115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216828","display_name":"Cohesion (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.38920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.35850000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53619493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4787093","display_name":"Architecture framework","level":3,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.33410000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105446022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445962","display_name":"Legacy system","level":3,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72280835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q635346","display_name":"Architectural pattern","level":5,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777364373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32880","display_name":"Architectural style","level":3,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85687889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q445962","display_name":"Legacy code","level":3,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35869016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846636","display_name":"Software architecture","level":3,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746467.3801493","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746467.3801493","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 ACM Southeast Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746467.3801493","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746467.3801493","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 ACM Southeast Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.44266554713249207}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1840755814","https://openalex.org/W2028836139","https://openalex.org/W2091668716","https://openalex.org/W2132762162","https://openalex.org/W2216905672","https://openalex.org/W2901721997","https://openalex.org/W3007452449","https://openalex.org/W3040139017","https://openalex.org/W3080612381","https://openalex.org/W3154781196"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Architectural":[0],"Technical":[1],"Debt":[2],"(ATD)":[3],"poses":[4],"a":[5,32,45,51,67,132,146],"critical":[6,128],"barrier":[7],"to":[8,102],"the":[9,23,125],"maintainability":[10],"and":[11,38,50,87,90,99,107,114,138],"modernization":[12,136],"of":[13,34,48,69,79,160],"legacy":[14,168],"object-oriented":[15],"monolithic":[16],"systems.":[17,169],"While":[18],"technical":[19],"debt":[20],"(TD)":[21],"at":[22],"code":[24,98],"level":[25],"has":[26],"been":[27],"extensively":[28],"studied,":[29],"there":[30],"remains":[31],"lack":[33],"frameworks":[35],"for":[36,112,135],"identifying":[37],"categorizing":[39],"architecture-level":[40],"debt.":[41],"This":[42,143],"paper":[43],"introduces":[44],"tool-supported":[46],"taxonomy":[47,95,126],"ATD":[49,64,140,161],"repeatable":[52],"mapping":[53],"workflow":[54],"that":[55,124,156],"integrates":[56],"heterogeneous":[57],"static":[58,70],"analysis":[59,71],"outputs":[60],"into":[61],"four":[62],"practical":[63],"categories.":[65],"Using":[66],"combination":[68],"tools,":[72],"this":[73],"study":[74,122],"identified":[75],"recurring":[76],"structural":[77,91],"patterns":[78],"ATD,":[80],"including":[81],"modularity":[82],"violations,":[83],"complexity":[84],"hotspots,":[85],"cohesion":[86],"responsibility":[88],"drift,":[89],"instability.":[92],"The":[93],"proposed":[94],"maps":[96],"measurable":[97],"architecture":[100],"metrics":[101],"these":[103],"categories,":[104],"providing":[105,131,151],"practitioners":[106],"researchers":[108],"with":[109,162],"actionable":[110],"guidance":[111],"diagnosing":[113],"addressing":[115],"systemic":[116],"architectural":[117,129],"issues.":[118],"An":[119],"empirical":[120],"case":[121],"demonstrates":[123],"captures":[127],"weaknesses,":[130],"structured":[133],"foundation":[134],"planning":[137],"future":[139],"assessment":[141],"research.":[142],"work":[144],"bridges":[145],"key":[147],"research":[148],"gap":[149],"by":[150],"an":[152],"evidence-based":[153],"classification":[154],"framework":[155],"aligns":[157],"theoretical":[158],"concepts":[159],"practical,":[163],"observable":[164],"indicators":[165],"in":[166],"complex":[167]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-15T06:12:33.780692","created_date":"2026-05-15T00:00:00"}