{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416016889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746252.3761043","title":"Asking Questions with Thoughts: An Efficient Difficulty-Controllable Question Generation Method with Posterior Knowledge Distillation","display_name":"Asking Questions with Thoughts: An Efficient Difficulty-Controllable Question Generation Method with Posterior Knowledge Distillation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416016889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746252.3761043"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746252.3761043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746252.3761043","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 34th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103185340","display_name":"Sixing Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7278-8720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sixing Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Pilot School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Pilot School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113346730","display_name":"Jiahao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4928-8182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Pilot School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Pilot School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053869521","display_name":"Yujue Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3990-5408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142861451","display_name":"Yunnan Nationalities University","ror":"https://ror.org/030jhb479","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142861451"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujue Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Pilot School of Software, Yunnna University, Kunming, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Pilot School of Software, Yunnna University, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142861451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084087264","display_name":"Zhijun Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7249-2428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138629","display_name":"Yunnan Provincial Department of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02yrxdp92","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138629"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Instruments and Facilities Service Center, Educational Department of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Instruments and Facilities Service Center, Educational Department of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138629"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051349066","display_name":"Wei Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-9436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Pilot School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Pilot School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103185340"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18321215,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3416","last_page":"3426"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.6485999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.6485999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.09759999811649323,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.07490000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6014999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.46470001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.36149999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"Reading comprehension","score":0.3610999882221222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7506999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6014999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5978999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.46470001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.42329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.36149999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84685590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540472","display_name":"Knowledge engineering","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109747225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815758","display_name":"Scarcity","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746252.3761043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746252.3761043","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 34th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2511770992","https://openalex.org/W2605073321","https://openalex.org/W2963206148","https://openalex.org/W2963963993","https://openalex.org/W2964912036","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2989613245","https://openalex.org/W3012420325","https://openalex.org/W3176765152","https://openalex.org/W3177334331","https://openalex.org/W3205791762","https://openalex.org/W4206070857","https://openalex.org/W4221146870","https://openalex.org/W4221148741","https://openalex.org/W4285155190","https://openalex.org/W4292595846","https://openalex.org/W4385570298","https://openalex.org/W4385571127","https://openalex.org/W4385572632","https://openalex.org/W4392822465","https://openalex.org/W4402683942"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Difficulty":[0,125],"Controllable":[1],"Question":[2],"Generation":[3],"(DCQG)":[4],"for":[5,12],"reading":[6,15],"comprehension":[7],"learns":[8],"to":[9,39,42,71,79,101,112,128],"generate":[10,80],"questions":[11,38,81],"measuring":[13],"the":[14,36,43,48,53,114],"abilities":[16],"of":[17,116,148],"examinees,":[18],"playing":[19],"a":[20,31,73,95],"crucial":[21],"role":[22],"in":[23,146],"educational":[24],"scenarios.":[25],"This":[26],"work":[27],"studies":[28],"answer-aware":[29],"DCQG,":[30],"challenging":[32],"task":[33],"that":[34,82,140],"requires":[35],"generated":[37],"remain":[40],"faithful":[41,85],"assigned":[44],"answer":[45],"and":[46,86,151],"match":[47],"desired":[49],"difficulty":[50,152],"level":[51],"at":[52],"same":[54],"time.":[55],"To":[56],"this":[57],"end,":[58],"we":[59,93,119],"first":[60],"propose":[61],"an":[62,121],"effective":[63],"two-stage":[64],"framework,":[65],"Asking":[66],"Questions":[67],"with":[68],"Thoughts":[69],"(AQT),":[70],"guide":[72],"backbone":[74],"large":[75],"language":[76],"model":[77],"(LLM)":[78],"are":[83],"both":[84,149],"difficulty-aware":[87],"through":[88],"conducting":[89],"in-depth":[90],"self-thinking.":[91],"Then,":[92],"introduce":[94],"novel":[96],"Posterior":[97],"Knowledge":[98],"Distillation":[99],"(PKD)":[100],"efficiently":[102],"fine-tune":[103],"AQT":[104],"by":[105],"distilling":[106],"knowledge":[107],"from":[108,133],"posterior":[109],"inference.":[110],"Finally,":[111],"address":[113],"scarcity":[115],"DCQG":[117,131],"datasets,":[118],"use":[120],"efficient":[122],"LLM":[123],"Pretest-based":[124],"Estimation":[126],"(LP-DE)":[127],"automatically":[129],"construct":[130],"datasets":[132],"common":[134],"QG/QA":[135],"datasets.":[136],"Extensive":[137],"experiments":[138],"prove":[139],"our":[141],"methods":[142],"have":[143],"promising":[144],"results":[145],"terms":[147],"faithfulness":[150],"awareness.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-11-08T00:00:00"}