{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416017165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746252.3760791","title":"State & Geopolitical Censorship on Twitter (X): Detection & Impact Analysis of Withheld Content","display_name":"State & Geopolitical Censorship on Twitter (X): Detection & Impact Analysis of Withheld Content","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416017165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746252.3760791"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746252.3760791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746252.3760791","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 34th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746252.3760791","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084187354","display_name":"Yusuf M\u00fccahit \u00c7etinkaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5338-750X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yusuf M\u00fccahit \u00c7etinkaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5338-750X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081836422","display_name":"Tu\u011frulcan Elmas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4305-1479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tu\u011frulcan Elmas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4305-1479","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084187354"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1733,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91106447,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4623","last_page":"4627"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.5903000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.5903000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.12200000137090683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.02979999966919422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/censorship","display_name":"Censorship","score":0.942300021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.5659000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-analysis","display_name":"Content analysis","score":0.5601999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5562000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geopolitics","display_name":"Geopolitics","score":0.5073999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turkish","display_name":"Turkish","score":0.484499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-media","display_name":"Digital media","score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/militant","display_name":"Militant","score":0.3596000075340271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52930066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543","display_name":"Censorship","level":2,"score":0.942300021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.5659000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162446236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653137","display_name":"Content analysis","level":2,"score":0.5601999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5562000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201960208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159385","display_name":"Geopolitics","level":3,"score":0.5073999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5056999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781121862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256","display_name":"Turkish","level":2,"score":0.484499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.4307999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4154999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17632256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076968","display_name":"Digital media","level":2,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779808665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010072","display_name":"Militant","level":3,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.358599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779661781","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374132","display_name":"Blogosphere","level":3,"score":0.3580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75952962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22688","display_name":"Freedom of the press","level":3,"score":0.3517000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176856949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001676","display_name":"Offensive","level":2,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778660142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6805591","display_name":"Media consumption","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779344036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11320476","display_name":"Digital content","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776900844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8028383","display_name":"Witness","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776393157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113462","display_name":"Digital rights","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777967642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748216","display_name":"Eurobarometer","level":3,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746252.3760791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746252.3760791","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 34th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://open.metu.edu.tr:11511/117189","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11511/117189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402495","display_name":"OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","host_organization_name":"Middle East Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"34th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746252.3760791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746252.3760791","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 34th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067323104","https://openalex.org/W2395878050","https://openalex.org/W2621008736","https://openalex.org/W3122571625","https://openalex.org/W3126051451","https://openalex.org/W4283447355","https://openalex.org/W4313478339","https://openalex.org/W4320502321","https://openalex.org/W4366399859","https://openalex.org/W4380302041","https://openalex.org/W4386639506","https://openalex.org/W4387333051","https://openalex.org/W4407406080","https://openalex.org/W4414067095","https://openalex.org/W4415523037"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"State":[0],"and":[1,22,89,113,117,158,192,206,220],"geopolitical":[2],"censorship":[3,28,64,102],"on":[4,67,106,215],"Twitter,":[5],"now":[6],"X,":[7],"has":[8,36,103],"been":[9],"turning":[10],"into":[11],"a":[12,33,71,150,155],"routine,":[13],"raising":[14],"concerns":[15],"about":[16],"the":[17,55,60,83,123,128,145,183],"boundaries":[18],"between":[19],"criminal":[20],"content":[21,31,181],"freedom":[23],"of":[24,59,62,204,209],"speech.":[25],"One":[26],"such":[27],"practice,":[29],"withholding":[30,66,146],"in":[32,73,82,186],"particular":[34],"state":[35,48,63],"renewed":[37],"attention":[38],"due":[39],"to":[40,45,137,163,170],"Elon":[41],"Musk's":[42],"apparent":[43],"willingness":[44],"comply":[46],"with":[47,127,154],"demands.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"study,":[52,176],"we":[53,177],"present":[54],"first":[56],"quantitative":[57],"analysis":[58],"impact":[61,105],"by":[65,115,120],"social":[68],"media":[69],"using":[70],"dataset":[72],"which":[74],"two":[75],"prominent":[76],"patterns":[77],"emerged:":[78],"Russian":[79,134],"accounts":[80,91,135],"censored":[81,124],"EU":[84],"for":[85,95],"spreading":[86],"state-sponsored":[87],"narratives,":[88],"Turkish":[90],"blocked":[92],"within":[93],"Turkey":[94],"promoting":[96],"militant":[97],"propaganda.":[98],"We":[99,148],"find":[100,178],"that":[101,179],"little":[104],"posting":[107],"frequency":[108],"but":[109],"significantly":[110],"reduces":[111],"likes":[112],"retweets":[114],"25%,":[116],"follower":[118],"growth":[119,139],"90%-especially":[121],"when":[122],"region":[125],"aligns":[126],"account's":[129],"primary":[130,184],"audience.":[131],"Meanwhile,":[132],"some":[133],"continue":[136],"experience":[138],"as":[140],"their":[141],"audience":[142],"is":[143,168,182],"outside":[144],"jurisdictions.":[147],"develop":[149],"user-level":[151],"binary":[152],"classifier":[153],"transformer":[156],"backbone":[157],"temporal":[159],"aggregation":[160],"strategies,":[161],"aiming":[162],"predict":[164],"whether":[165],"an":[166,174,201,207],"account":[167],"likely":[169],"be":[171],"withheld.":[172],"Through":[173],"ablation":[175],"tweet":[180,190],"signal":[185],"predicting":[187],"censorship,":[188],"while":[189],"metadata":[191],"profile":[193],"features":[194],"contribute":[195],"marginally.":[196],"Our":[197],"best":[198],"model":[199],"achieves":[200],"F1":[202],"score":[203],"0.73":[205],"AUC":[208],"0.83.":[210],"This":[211],"work":[212],"informs":[213],"debates":[214],"platform":[216],"governance,":[217],"free":[218],"speech,":[219],"digital":[221],"repression.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-11-08T00:00:00"}