{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411673854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746225","title":"Estimating Uncertainty in Line-Level Defect Prediction via Perceptual Borderline Oversampling","display_name":"Estimating Uncertainty in Line-Level Defect Prediction via Perceptual Borderline Oversampling","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411673854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746225"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746225","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103613503","display_name":"Chen Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9867-1648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","Dalian Maritime University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9867-1648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian Maritime University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018071549","display_name":"Shikai Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8554-6365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shikai Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China  and The Dalian Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Dalian, China","Dalian Maritime University, The Dalian Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8554-6365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China  and The Dalian Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian Maritime University, The Dalian Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100423958","display_name":"Hui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1923-0669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","Dalian Maritime University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1923-0669","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian Maritime University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chenchen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2402-9726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153374732","display_name":"Liaoning Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/04c3cgg32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153374732"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenchen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China","Liaoning Normal University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2402-9726","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153374732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liaoning Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153374732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100418997","display_name":"Rong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5848-6398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","Dalian Maritime University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5848-6398","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian Maritime University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7777,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74483806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oversampling","display_name":"Oversampling","score":0.9550082683563232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7062406539916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5921353697776794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.523584246635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37827226519584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15347999334335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1222398579120636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.0977836549282074}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197323446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331222","display_name":"Oversampling","level":3,"score":0.9550082683563232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7062406539916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5921353697776794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.523584246635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37827226519584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15347999334335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1222398579120636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0977836549282074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746225","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5057948433","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7101281488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3132025265","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85350352","https://openalex.org/W1543330234","https://openalex.org/W1570437003","https://openalex.org/W1904826605","https://openalex.org/W1964544799","https://openalex.org/W1975040830","https://openalex.org/W1984712439","https://openalex.org/W2003638356","https://openalex.org/W2015001165","https://openalex.org/W2042600809","https://openalex.org/W2065547122","https://openalex.org/W2071983648","https://openalex.org/W2087240369","https://openalex.org/W2099435377","https://openalex.org/W2099593355","https://openalex.org/W2101227285","https://openalex.org/W2104329051","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2111421634","https://openalex.org/W2119910794","https://openalex.org/W2125999269","https://openalex.org/W2132791018","https://openalex.org/W2143637886","https://openalex.org/W2147386665","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2151666086","https://openalex.org/W2168508521","https://openalex.org/W2169937061","https://openalex.org/W2312398278","https://openalex.org/W2743316948","https://openalex.org/W2767894374","https://openalex.org/W2885541650","https://openalex.org/W2888223970","https://openalex.org/W2894732341","https://openalex.org/W2897049944","https://openalex.org/W2898435572","https://openalex.org/W2899407111","https://openalex.org/W2901941771","https://openalex.org/W2911282308","https://openalex.org/W2913107170","https://openalex.org/W2913273467","https://openalex.org/W2914825488","https://openalex.org/W2963548617","https://openalex.org/W2967780468","https://openalex.org/W2988966271","https://openalex.org/W2994516867","https://openalex.org/W3083954092","https://openalex.org/W3084812981","https://openalex.org/W3088868071","https://openalex.org/W3119533254","https://openalex.org/W3136463483","https://openalex.org/W3156669901","https://openalex.org/W4207068100","https://openalex.org/W4230616356","https://openalex.org/W4237143884","https://openalex.org/W4237993802","https://openalex.org/W4238623774","https://openalex.org/W4246788636","https://openalex.org/W4248364726","https://openalex.org/W4248799824","https://openalex.org/W4253752119","https://openalex.org/W4254188649","https://openalex.org/W4284689972","https://openalex.org/W4311212916","https://openalex.org/W4318776432","https://openalex.org/W4379231174","https://openalex.org/W4384155563","https://openalex.org/W4384155620","https://openalex.org/W4386902924","https://openalex.org/W4390042077","https://openalex.org/W4391305812","https://openalex.org/W4402665833","https://openalex.org/W4404563770","https://openalex.org/W4410583742","https://openalex.org/W6638167432","https://openalex.org/W6648932439","https://openalex.org/W6659115494","https://openalex.org/W6684251088"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2766503024","https://openalex.org/W2781247653","https://openalex.org/W4206637278","https://openalex.org/W4386005305","https://openalex.org/W4386214543","https://openalex.org/W3082051559","https://openalex.org/W1969988626"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0,255],"defect":[1,16,56,75,97,110,117,142,149,157,166,176,190,208,227,256],"prediction":[2,17,98,124,167,186,191,209,228],"aims":[3],"to":[4,67,193],"identify":[5],"potentially":[6],"defective":[7,20],"software":[8,59,74,121,165],"modules":[9],"using":[10,123,184],"various":[11],"techniques,":[12],"while":[13],"fine-grained":[14],"line-level":[15,96,164,189,226],"can":[18],"pinpoint":[19],"lines":[21],"of":[22,36,48,55,92,105,133,148,155,163,197,213,232,246,254],"code.":[23],"This":[24],"helps":[25],"developers":[26],"promptly":[27],"discover":[28],"and":[29,38,51,71,129,159,188,222,236,252],"fix":[30],"errors,":[31],"thereby":[32,151],"enhancing":[33],"the":[34,46,52,90,101,109,114,130,145,161,195,198,205,218,224,244,250],"efficiency":[35],"testing":[37],"code":[39,134],"review.":[40],"However,":[41],"previous":[42],"studies":[43],"often":[44],"overlook":[45],"impact":[47],"characterizing":[49],"noise":[50,127],"skewed":[53],"distribution":[54,147],"knowledge":[57,118,143,158],"in":[58,73,95,211,230,248],"projects,":[60],"making":[61,152],"it":[62],"difficult":[63],"for":[64],"current":[65],"methods":[66],"achieve":[68],"satisfactory":[69],"accuracy":[70,251],"cost-effectiveness":[72,94,162,253],"prediction.":[76,257],"To":[77],"address":[78],"these":[79],"challenges,":[80],"we":[81],"propose":[82],"a":[83],"model":[84,103,203,210],"named":[85],"EU-LLDP,":[86],"which":[87],"effectively":[88],"resolves":[89],"issue":[91],"low":[93],"models.":[99,168],"Specifically,":[100],"EU-LLDP":[102,199,202,247],"consists":[104],"two":[106],"main":[107],"components:":[108],"mining":[111],"component":[112,139],"mines":[113],"most":[115],"valuable":[116,141],"from":[119,178],"numerous":[120],"defects":[122],"probability":[125],"matrices,":[126],"labels,":[128],"borderline":[131],"information":[132],"vectorizations.":[135],"The":[136,201],"adaptive":[137],"resampling":[138],"samples":[140],"through":[144],"density":[146],"knowledge,":[150],"full":[153],"use":[154],"existing":[156],"improving":[160,249],"Seven":[169],"comprehensive":[170],"experiments":[171],"were":[172],"conducted":[173],"on":[174],"32":[175],"datasets":[177],"9":[179],"Java":[180],"open":[181],"source":[182],"systems":[183],"file-level":[185,207],"models":[187,192],"evaluate":[194],"effectiveness":[196,245],"model.":[200],"improves":[204],"state-of-the-art":[206,225],"terms":[212,231],"Balanced":[214],"Accuracy":[215],"by":[216,220,234,238],"9.87%,":[217],"MCC":[219],"38.09%,":[221],"enhances":[223],"method":[229],"Recall@Top20%LOC":[233],"44.16%,":[235],"Effort@Top20%Recall":[237],"17.62%.":[239],"These":[240],"results":[241],"fully":[242],"demonstrate":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}