{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411652471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746170","title":"An In-depth Analysis of the Linguistic Characteristics of Science Claims on the Web and their Impact on Fact-checking","display_name":"An In-depth Analysis of the Linguistic Characteristics of Science Claims on the Web and their Impact on Fact-checking","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411652471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746170"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746170","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009539357","display_name":"Salim Hafid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1775-8542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19894307","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier","ror":"https://ror.org/051escj72","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19894307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101743","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Robotique et de Micro\u00e9lectronique de Montpellier","ror":"https://ror.org/013yean28","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I151295451","https://openalex.org/I19894307","https://openalex.org/I4210101743","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4405261681"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salim Hafid","raw_affiliation_strings":["LIRMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier","LIRMM | ADVANSE - ADVanced Analytics for data SciencE (LIRMM, 161 rue Ada, 34000 Montpellier - France)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1775-8542","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIRMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19894307","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210101743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIRMM | ADVANSE - ADVanced Analytics for data SciencE (LIRMM, 161 rue Ada, 34000 Montpellier - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097605689","display_name":"Sebastian Schellhammer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6413-5823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101898","display_name":"GESIS - Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/018afyw53","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210101898"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Schellhammer","raw_affiliation_strings":["GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6413-5823","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101898"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072886866","display_name":"Yavuz Selim Kartal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2146-2680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101898","display_name":"GESIS - Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/018afyw53","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210101898"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yavuz Selim Kartal","raw_affiliation_strings":["GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2146-2680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101898"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066218201","display_name":"\u0398\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-080X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802079931","display_name":"Nord University","ror":"https://ror.org/030mwrt98","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802079931"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091279","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord","ror":"https://ror.org/0199hds37","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091279"]}],"countries":["FR","NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Papastergiou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universite Sorbonne Paris Nord"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-080X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universite Sorbonne Paris Nord","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802079931","https://openalex.org/I4210091279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070728314","display_name":"Stefan Dietze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4364-9243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101898","display_name":"GESIS - Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/018afyw53","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I315704651","https://openalex.org/I4210101898"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44260953","display_name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf","ror":"https://ror.org/024z2rq82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Dietze","raw_affiliation_strings":["GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences","Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4364-9243","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101898"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070473813","display_name":"Sandra Bringay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19894307","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier","ror":"https://ror.org/051escj72","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19894307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I208215962","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paul-Val\u00e9ry Montpellier","ror":"https://ror.org/00qhdy563","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I208215962"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101743","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Robotique et de Micro\u00e9lectronique de Montpellier","ror":"https://ror.org/013yean28","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I151295451","https://openalex.org/I19894307","https://openalex.org/I4210101743","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4405261681"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandra Bringay","raw_affiliation_strings":["LIRMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier","Universite Paul-Val\u00e9ry Montpellier","LIRMM | ADVANSE - ADVanced Analytics for data SciencE (LIRMM, 161 rue Ada, 34000 Montpellier - France)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2830-3666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIRMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19894307","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210101743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universite Paul-Val\u00e9ry Montpellier","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I208215962"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIRMM | ADVANSE - ADVanced Analytics for data SciencE (LIRMM, 161 rue Ada, 34000 Montpellier - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049289161","display_name":"Konstantin Todorov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9116-6692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19894307","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier","ror":"https://ror.org/051escj72","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19894307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101743","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Robotique et de Micro\u00e9lectronique de Montpellier","ror":"https://ror.org/013yean28","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I151295451","https://openalex.org/I19894307","https://openalex.org/I4210101743","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4405261681"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantin Todorov","raw_affiliation_strings":["LIRMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier","LIRMM | ADVANSE - ADVanced Analytics for data SciencE (LIRMM, 161 rue Ada, 34000 Montpellier - France)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9116-6692","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIRMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19894307","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210101743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIRMM | ADVANSE - ADVanced Analytics for data SciencE (LIRMM, 161 rue Ada, 34000 Montpellier - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009539357"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I19894307","https://openalex.org/I4210101743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20115855,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6854267120361328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-analysis","display_name":"Linguistic analysis","score":0.524852991104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.40860050916671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.40563151240348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.34487900137901306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.088084876537323}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6854267120361328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987219923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q777864","display_name":"Linguistic analysis","level":2,"score":0.524852991104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.40860050916671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.40563151240348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.34487900137901306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.088084876537323}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05163522v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05163522","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web, 2025, &#x27E8;10.1145/3746170&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975879668","https://openalex.org/W2337875011","https://openalex.org/W2489406233","https://openalex.org/W2489487449","https://openalex.org/W2599140595","https://openalex.org/W2606555609","https://openalex.org/W2618851150","https://openalex.org/W2759181477","https://openalex.org/W2760124296","https://openalex.org/W2790166049","https://openalex.org/W2792053130","https://openalex.org/W2893472992","https://openalex.org/W2899027170","https://openalex.org/W2902764782","https://openalex.org/W2941706968","https://openalex.org/W2963961878","https://openalex.org/W2970716846","https://openalex.org/W2970771982","https://openalex.org/W2980649541","https://openalex.org/W2989571961","https://openalex.org/W3017344694","https://openalex.org/W3032653508","https://openalex.org/W3033372376","https://openalex.org/W3045984998","https://openalex.org/W3088993044","https://openalex.org/W3099977667","https://openalex.org/W3104186312","https://openalex.org/W3105816068","https://openalex.org/W3107298362","https://openalex.org/W3112355266","https://openalex.org/W3112367250","https://openalex.org/W3140356611","https://openalex.org/W3152858897","https://openalex.org/W3158373340","https://openalex.org/W3170180819","https://openalex.org/W3171545142","https://openalex.org/W3176178685","https://openalex.org/W3176640961","https://openalex.org/W3183894608","https://openalex.org/W3187467055","https://openalex.org/W3192822021","https://openalex.org/W3196268181","https://openalex.org/W3207483080","https://openalex.org/W3208070393","https://openalex.org/W3209527742","https://openalex.org/W3212606841","https://openalex.org/W3213844504","https://openalex.org/W4200048988","https://openalex.org/W4205807230","https://openalex.org/W4224312275","https://openalex.org/W4232227493","https://openalex.org/W4238846128","https://openalex.org/W4251218592","https://openalex.org/W4287854917","https://openalex.org/W4306317329","https://openalex.org/W4307416624","https://openalex.org/W4309617712","https://openalex.org/W4315753168","https://openalex.org/W4327498760","https://openalex.org/W4378417401","https://openalex.org/W4384918448","https://openalex.org/W4385572197","https://openalex.org/W4385574202","https://openalex.org/W4396843820","https://openalex.org/W4401044010","https://openalex.org/W4401167572","https://openalex.org/W4402667093","https://openalex.org/W4404782964"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4379034307","https://openalex.org/W2769555045","https://openalex.org/W4402838874","https://openalex.org/W2288790064","https://openalex.org/W4403385743","https://openalex.org/W4391812776","https://openalex.org/W4407417491","https://openalex.org/W4401870285","https://openalex.org/W2277728784"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Web":[0],"claims,":[1,75],"seen":[2],"as":[3,32,314],"assertions":[4],"shared":[5],"on":[6,25,72,81,85,107,155,164,203,242,310,320,326],"the":[7,15,44,55,82,100,109,120,131,147,156,159,192,204],"web":[8,74,83,101,175,205,244,291,304,312,322],"and":[9,88,95,124,152,158,183,190,221,228,275],"eligible":[10],"for":[11,119,180,252],"fact-checking,":[12,33],"are":[13,77],"at":[14,138,301],"heart":[16],"of":[17,28,57,93,195,218,225,268,286,289],"online":[18],"discourse.":[19],"They":[20],"have":[21,52,163,222],"been":[22,54],"studied":[23],"extensively":[24],"a":[26,97,128,261,283],"variety":[27],"downstream":[29,59,166,254],"tasks":[30],"such":[31],"claim":[34,98,110],"retrieval,":[35],"bias":[36],"detection,":[37],"argument":[38],"mining,":[39],"or":[40,113,324],"viewpoint":[41],"discovery.":[42],"On":[43],"other":[45],"hand,":[46],"claims":[47,79,154,176,202,245,305],"originating":[48],"from":[49,99,177,329],"scientific":[50,73,78,112,151,201,243,290,303,311,327,330],"publications":[51],"also":[53,211,232],"subject":[56],"several":[58,253],"NLP":[60],"tasks.":[61,167,255],"However,":[62],"research":[63],"carried":[64],"out":[65],"so":[66],"far":[67],"has":[68],"yet":[69],"to":[70,126,188,248,264,271,281,307,316],"focus":[71],"which":[76],"made":[80],"(e.g.,":[84],"social":[86],"media":[87],"news":[89],"articles).":[90],"The":[91],"process":[92],"detecting":[94],"fact-checking":[96],"can":[102],"be":[103,308],"very":[104],"different":[105],"depending":[106],"whether":[108],"is":[111],"not,":[114],"thus":[115],"making":[116],"it":[117],"crucial":[118],"developed":[121],"datasets,":[122],"methods,":[123],"models":[125,239,270,279,299],"make":[127],"distinction":[129,143],"between":[130,150],"two.":[132],"With":[133],"this":[134,142],"work,":[135],"we":[136,171,184,259],"aim":[137],"understanding":[139,146],"what":[140],"makes":[141],"necessary,":[144],"by":[145,246,295],"linguistic":[148,193,273],"differences":[149,162],"non-scientific":[153],"web,":[157],"impact":[160],"those":[161],"existing":[165],"To":[168,256],"do":[169],"so,":[170],"manually":[172],"annotate":[173],"1,524":[174],"established":[178],"benchmarks":[179],"fact-checking-related":[181],"tasks,":[182],"run":[185],"statistical":[186],"tests":[187],"analyze":[189],"compare":[191],"features":[194,274,288],"each":[196],"group.":[197],"We":[198,231,293],"find":[199,276],"that":[200,236,277,297],"use":[206,212],"more":[207,213,216],"analytical":[208],"speech,":[209,215],"but":[210],"sentiment-related":[214],"expressions":[217],"physical":[219],"motion,":[220],"distinct":[223],"parts":[224],"speech":[226],"(PoS)":[227],"punctuation":[229],"styles.":[230],"conduct":[233],"experiments":[234],"showing":[235],"BERT-based":[237],"language":[238,269,278,298],"perform":[240],"worse":[241],"up":[247],"17":[249],"F1":[250],"points":[251],"understand":[257],"why,":[258],"develop":[260],"novel":[262],"methodology":[263],"map":[265],"predictive":[266,287],"tokens":[267],"explainable":[272],"fail":[280],"detect":[282],"specific":[284],"subset":[285],"claims.":[292],"conclude":[294],"stating":[296],"aimed":[300],"studying":[302],"ought":[306],"trained":[309,318],"discourse,":[313],"opposed":[315],"being":[317],"only":[319,325],"generic":[321],"discourse":[323],"text":[328],"publications.":[331]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
