{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411644227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746061","title":"Enhancing Security and Acuity of Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection Based on Federated Learning and BiLSTM-Attention","display_name":"Enhancing Security and Acuity of Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection Based on Federated Learning and BiLSTM-Attention","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411644227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746061"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746061","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003116103","display_name":"Bin Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3725-1394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China and College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3725-1394","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China and College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920","https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100780268","display_name":"Xiaosong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9886-1412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaosong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","Center for Cyber Security, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9886-1412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cyber Security, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085783729","display_name":"Xinze Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9546-0574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinze Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9546-0574","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443178","display_name":"Ting Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9165-8331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China","Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9165-8331","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022783715","display_name":"Wenjuan Lian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5339-1303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjuan Lian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5339-1303","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.188,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93907798,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7610834240913391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.7130705714225769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5508631467819214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7610834240913391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.7130705714225769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5508631467819214}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746061","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1594973751","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2336204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1906561224","https://openalex.org/W2118788747","https://openalex.org/W2970809537","https://openalex.org/W3003036212","https://openalex.org/W3007720613","https://openalex.org/W3026203297","https://openalex.org/W3105187050","https://openalex.org/W3106007553","https://openalex.org/W3111419317","https://openalex.org/W3118739023","https://openalex.org/W3119253238","https://openalex.org/W3121726600","https://openalex.org/W3151130473","https://openalex.org/W3160746813","https://openalex.org/W3168151787","https://openalex.org/W3172555720","https://openalex.org/W3174470544","https://openalex.org/W3182763642","https://openalex.org/W4211181447","https://openalex.org/W4224924082","https://openalex.org/W4226463316","https://openalex.org/W4253435298","https://openalex.org/W4280504002","https://openalex.org/W4280517331","https://openalex.org/W4285195691","https://openalex.org/W4288701128","https://openalex.org/W4292876772","https://openalex.org/W4308642997","https://openalex.org/W4309892485","https://openalex.org/W4313547574","https://openalex.org/W4313639682","https://openalex.org/W4366124391","https://openalex.org/W4377235325","https://openalex.org/W4377291294","https://openalex.org/W4384026508","https://openalex.org/W4384302865","https://openalex.org/W4385986584","https://openalex.org/W4386952226","https://openalex.org/W4387490645","https://openalex.org/W4389159673","https://openalex.org/W4390578001","https://openalex.org/W4391462029","https://openalex.org/W4391651228","https://openalex.org/W4394745748","https://openalex.org/W4398150552","https://openalex.org/W4400033286","https://openalex.org/W4400033834","https://openalex.org/W4400876944","https://openalex.org/W4401687264","https://openalex.org/W4402435390","https://openalex.org/W4404237188","https://openalex.org/W4407693563"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,35,59,71,81,134,192,207],"course":[2],"of":[3,26,39,52,62,80,122,136,194,213,225],"more":[4],"than":[5],"a":[6,30,76,119,137,146,181],"decade,":[7],"blockchain":[8,27,63],"technology":[9,168],"has":[10,204],"made":[11],"significant":[12],"advancements":[13],"and":[14,37,42,95,157,218],"found":[15],"applications":[16],"in":[17,33,54,130,211],"various":[18],"domains.":[19],"Smart":[20],"contract,":[21],"as":[22],"an":[23,222],"integral":[24],"component":[25],"technology,":[28,64],"plays":[29],"pivotal":[31],"role":[32],"ensuring":[34,175],"security":[36,89],"robustness":[38],"blockchain\u2019s":[40],"development":[41],"diverse":[43],"applications.":[44],"Currently,":[45],"smart":[46,66,150],"contract":[47,151],"vulnerabilities":[48,152],"have":[49,96,106],"caused":[50],"millions":[51],"dollars":[53],"economic":[55],"losses.":[56],"Due":[57],"to":[58,169],"inherent":[60],"immutability":[61],"once":[65],"contracts":[67],"are":[68],"deployed":[69],"on":[70,187],"blockchain,":[72],"effecting":[73],"changes":[74],"becomes":[75],"formidable":[77],"task.":[78],"Most":[79],"vulnerability":[82,195],"detection":[83,98],"tools":[84],"currently":[85],"available":[86],"employ":[87],"traditional":[88],"technologies,":[90],"which":[91],"require":[92,112,118],"high":[93],"expertise":[94],"unsatisfactory":[97],"results.":[99],"In":[100],"recent":[101],"years,":[102],"deep":[103],"learning":[104,156,167],"technologies":[105],"emerged.":[107],"Although":[108],"they":[109,116],"do":[110,117],"not":[111,163],"extensive":[113],"expert":[114],"knowledge,":[115],"large":[120],"amount":[121],"labeled":[123],"data":[124,176],"for":[125,148],"training.":[126],"The":[127,197],"biggest":[128],"issue":[129],"this":[131],"field":[132],"is":[133],"lack":[135],"large-scale,":[138],"accurately":[139],"annotated":[140],"public":[141],"dataset.":[142],"Hence,":[143],"we":[144],"propose":[145],"method":[147,203],"detecting":[149],"by":[153],"leveraging":[154],"federated":[155,166],"BiLSTM,":[158,188],"called":[159],"FASCVD.":[160],"Our":[161],"approach":[162],"only":[164],"utilizes":[165],"aggregate":[170],"multiple":[171],"small":[172],"datasets":[173],"while":[174],"privacy":[177],"but":[178],"also":[179],"introduces":[180],"bidirectional":[182],"information":[183],"extraction":[184],"technique":[185],"based":[186],"thereby":[189],"significantly":[190],"enhancing":[191],"accuracy":[193,223],"detection.":[196],"experimental":[198],"results":[199],"show":[200],"that":[201],"our":[202],"already":[205],"surpassed":[206],"best":[208],"existing":[209],"methods":[210],"terms":[212],"accuracy,":[214],"precision,":[215],"recall,":[216],"F1-score,":[217],"so":[219],"on,":[220],"with":[221],"rate":[224],"95.04%.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
