{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415309936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746027.3755629","title":"Enkidu: Universal Frequential Perturbation for Real-Time Audio Privacy Protection against Voice Deepfakes","display_name":"Enkidu: Universal Frequential Perturbation for Real-Time Audio Privacy Protection against Voice Deepfakes","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415309936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746027.3755629"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746027.3755629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746027.3755629","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.12932","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhou Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5301-7019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5301-7019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiahao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5894-662X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5894-662X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chunyi Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-0946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunyi Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Comptuter Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-0946","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Comptuter Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160","https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072729601","display_name":"Yuwen Pu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2311-4943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuwen Pu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Big Data & Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2311-4943","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Big Data & Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qingming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6085-7300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6085-7300","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tianyu Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0896-0690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0896-0690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058611515","display_name":"Shouling Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4268-372X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shouling Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4268-372X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6571,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85934767,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"11638","last_page":"11647"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.970300018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.970300018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9472000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9301999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.7304999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.611299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.37860000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8039000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.7304999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.611299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4438000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3919000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522325796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471880","display_name":"Identity theft","level":2,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746027.3755629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746027.3755629","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2507.12932","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12932","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.12932","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.12932","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.12932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2507.12932","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12932","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.12932","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1198879025","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024M762829","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2615812571","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U244120033,U24A20336,62172243,62402425,62402418","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3859458567","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB3102100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4294903856","https://openalex.org/W4385822954","https://openalex.org/W3024869864","https://openalex.org/W2972848589","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2150658333","https://openalex.org/W2792106437","https://openalex.org/W3150572638","https://openalex.org/W4385767898","https://openalex.org/W2903739847","https://openalex.org/W2972394484","https://openalex.org/W2428180336","https://openalex.org/W2726515241","https://openalex.org/W1861172732","https://openalex.org/W4392902635","https://openalex.org/W4384648073","https://openalex.org/W4385822420","https://openalex.org/W1494198834","https://openalex.org/W1608375737","https://openalex.org/W2904795317","https://openalex.org/W2964243274","https://openalex.org/W2402156731","https://openalex.org/W3098557217","https://openalex.org/W2890964092","https://openalex.org/W2157548127","https://openalex.org/W2067295501","https://openalex.org/W3095883095","https://openalex.org/W4385823321","https://openalex.org/W4376163495","https://openalex.org/W2963609956","https://openalex.org/W4379619981","https://openalex.org/W4399485371","https://openalex.org/W4388856757","https://openalex.org/W4360890968","https://openalex.org/W2765636281","https://openalex.org/W4404314376"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rise":[1],"of":[2,111,194],"advanced":[3],"voice":[4,22,84,133,199],"deepfake":[5,85,134],"technologies":[6],"has":[7],"raised":[8],"serious":[9],"concerns":[10],"over":[11,147,157],"user":[12,58,112],"audio":[13,28,128,142],"privacy,":[14],"as":[15,33,163,165],"malicious":[16,30],"actors":[17],"increasingly":[18],"exploit":[19],"publicly":[20],"available":[21],"data":[23],"to":[24,56,62,76,80,168],"generate":[25],"convincing":[26],"fake":[27],"for":[29],"purposes":[31],"such":[32],"identity":[34],"theft,":[35],"financial":[36],"fraud":[37],"and":[38,70,73,104,129,140,156,180,192,201],"misinformation":[39],"campaigns.":[40],"While":[41],"existing":[42],"defense":[43],"methods":[44],"offer":[45],"partial":[46],"protection,":[47],"they":[48],"suffer":[49],"from":[50],"critical":[51],"limitations,":[52],"including":[53],"weak":[54],"adaptability":[55],"unseen":[57],"data,":[59],"poor":[60],"scalability":[61],"long":[63],"audio,":[64],"regid":[65],"reliance":[66],"on":[67,107],"white-box":[68],"knowledge":[69,103],"high":[71,138],"computational":[72],"temporal":[74],"costs":[75],"encryption":[77],"process.":[78],"Therefore,":[79],"defend":[81],"against":[82,132,198],"personalized":[83],"threats,":[86],"we":[87],"propose":[88],"Enkidu,":[89],"a":[90,108],"novel":[91],"user-oriented":[92],"privacy-preserving":[93],"framework":[94],"that":[95],"leverages":[96],"universal":[97],"frequential":[98],"perturbations":[99],"generated":[100],"through":[101],"black-box":[102],"few-shot":[105],"training":[106],"small":[109],"amount":[110],"samples.":[113],"These":[114],"high-malleablity":[115],"frequency-domain":[116],"noise":[117],"patches":[118],"enable":[119],"real-time,":[120],"lightweight":[121],"protection":[122],"with":[123],"strong":[124],"generalization":[125],"across":[126,174],"variable-length":[127],"robust":[130],"resistance":[131],"attacks-all":[135],"while":[136],"preserving":[137],"perceptual":[139],"intelligible":[141],"quality.":[143],"Notably,":[144],"Enkidu":[145,195],"achieves":[146],"50-200\u00d7":[148],"processing":[149],"memory":[150],"efficiency":[151,160],"(requiring":[152],"only":[153],"0.004":[154],"GB)":[155],"3-7000\u00d7":[158],"runtime":[159],"(real-time":[161],"coefficient":[162],"low":[164],"0.004)":[166],"compared":[167],"six":[169,175],"SOTA":[170],"countermeasures.":[171],"Extensive":[172],"experiments":[173],"mainstream":[176],"Text-to-Speech":[177],"(TTS)":[178],"models":[179,187],"five":[181],"cutting-edge":[182],"Automated":[183],"Speaker":[184],"Verification":[185],"(ASV)":[186],"demonstrate":[188],"the":[189],"effectiveness,":[190],"transferability,":[191],"practicality":[193],"in":[196],"defending":[197],"deepfakes":[200],"adaptive":[202],"attacks.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-03T07:22:36.454288","created_date":"2025-10-18T00:00:00"}