{"id":"https://openalex.org/W6941034984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746027.3755074","title":"B4DL: A Benchmark for 4D LiDAR LLM in Spatio-Temporal Understanding","display_name":"B4DL: A Benchmark for 4D LiDAR LLM in Spatio-Temporal Understanding","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W6941034984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746027.3755074"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746027.3755074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746027.3755074","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746027.3755074","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Changho Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6670-7133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Changho Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Youngwoo Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9608-9547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youngwoo Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gyojin Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7905-0045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gyojin Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dong-Jae Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1800-5878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong-Jae Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Junmo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7174-7932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junmo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46597358,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3399","last_page":"3407"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10451","display_name":"Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions","score":0.4507000148296356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10451","display_name":"Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions","score":0.4507000148296356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10015","display_name":"Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies","score":0.11840000003576279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10825","display_name":"Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases","score":0.04430000111460686,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.8845999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5934000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5845000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.5537999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.5376999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5034999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4973999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.48010000586509705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.8845999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7674000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5934000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5845000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5537999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.5376999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5034999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4973999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42590001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.3262999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776240099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327018","display_name":"Interrogation","level":2,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64754055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574053","display_name":"Spatial contextual awareness","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781020372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q533093","display_name":"On the fly","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746027.3755074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746027.3755074","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2508.05269","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2508.05269","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.05269","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746027.3755074","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746027.3755074","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4997411072254181,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"dynamic":[1,136],"outdoor":[2,137],"environments":[3],"requires":[4],"capturing":[5],"complex":[6],"object":[7],"interactions":[8],"and":[9,22,58,84,100,124,147],"their":[10,35],"evolution":[11],"over":[12],"time.":[13],"LiDAR-based":[14],"4D":[15,37,88,112,142],"point":[16],"clouds":[17],"provide":[18,140],"precise":[19],"spatial":[20],"geometry":[21],"rich":[23],"temporal":[24],"cues,":[25],"making":[26],"them":[27],"ideal":[28],"for":[29,82,105,132],"representing":[30],"real-world":[31],"scenes.":[32],"However,":[33],"despite":[34],"potential,":[36],"LiDAR":[38,89,113,143],"remains":[39],"underexplored":[40],"in":[41,135],"the":[42,52,59,106],"context":[43],"of":[44,54,61,65],"Multimodal":[45],"Large":[46],"Language":[47],"Models":[48],"(MLLMs)":[49],"due":[50],"to":[51],"absence":[53],"high-quality,":[55],"modality-specific":[56],"annotations":[57],"lack":[60],"MLLM":[62,102],"architectures":[63],"capable":[64],"processing":[66],"its":[67],"high-dimensional":[68],"composition.":[69],"To":[70],"address":[71],"these":[72],"challenges,":[73],"we":[74,93],"introduce":[75],"B4DL,":[76],"a":[77,95,129],"new":[78],"benchmark":[79],"specifically":[80],"designed":[81],"training":[83],"evaluating":[85],"MLLMs":[86],"on":[87,150],"understanding.":[90,119],"In":[91],"addition,":[92],"propose":[94],"scalable":[96],"data":[97],"generation":[98],"pipeline":[99],"an":[101],"model":[103,127],"that,":[104],"first":[107],"time,":[108],"directly":[109],"processes":[110],"raw":[111],"by":[114],"bridging":[115],"it":[116],"with":[117,121],"language":[118],"Combined":[120],"our":[122,126],"dataset":[123],"benchmark,":[125],"offers":[128],"unified":[130],"solution":[131],"spatio-temporal":[133],"reasoning":[134],"environments.":[138],"We":[139],"rendered":[141],"videos,":[144],"generated":[145],"dataset,":[146],"inference":[148],"outputs":[149],"diverse":[151],"scenarios":[152],"at:":[153],"https://mmb4dl.github.io/mmb4dl/":[154]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
