{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415540806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746027.3754798","title":"RAIDX: A Retrieval-Augmented Generation and GRPO Reinforcement Learning Framework for Explainable Deepfake Detection","display_name":"RAIDX: A Retrieval-Augmented Generation and GRPO Reinforcement Learning Framework for Explainable Deepfake Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415540806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746027.3754798"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746027.3754798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746027.3754798","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746027.3754798","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tianxiao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8315-2135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianxiao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8315-2135","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111756734","display_name":"Zhenglin Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenglin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3759-7888","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haiquan Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3804-6753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiquan Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3804-6753","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100461973","display_name":"Yiwei He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0717-8517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiwei He","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0717-8517","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029244560","display_name":"Shuchang Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-7083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuchang Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-7083","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068027800","display_name":"Baoyuan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2183-5990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baoyuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2183-5990","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115599767","display_name":"Guangliang Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8686-9513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangliang Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8686-9513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7706,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87465126,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"11746","last_page":"11755"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.6935999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5134000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/framing","display_name":"Framing (construction)","score":0.4577000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.41990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.3587999939918518}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.6935999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5263000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5134000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.48590001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169087156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2131593","display_name":"Framing (construction)","level":2,"score":0.4577000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.41990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982736386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Statistical learning","level":2,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.3027999997138977}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746027.3754798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746027.3754798","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3746027.3754798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3746027.3754798","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2185175083","https://openalex.org/W2891145043","https://openalex.org/W3196204467","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4313127140","https://openalex.org/W4386071953","https://openalex.org/W4386075856"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"advancement":[2],"of":[3,10],"AI-generation":[4],"models":[5,176],"has":[6],"enabled":[7],"the":[8,116,157],"creation":[9],"hyperrealistic":[11],"imagery,":[12],"posing":[13],"ethical":[14],"risks":[15],"through":[16],"widespread":[17],"misinformation.":[18],"Current":[19],"deepfake":[20,71,153],"detection":[21,35,72,86,101,147],"methods,":[22],"categorized":[23],"as":[24,36],"face-specific":[25],"detectors":[26],"or":[27,132],"general":[28],"AI-generated":[29],"detectors,":[30],"lack":[31],"transparency":[32,151],"by":[33],"framing":[34],"a":[37,69],"classification":[38],"task":[39],"without":[40],"explaining":[41],"decisions.":[42],"While":[43],"several":[44],"LLM-based":[45],"approaches":[46],"offer":[47],"explainability,":[48],"they":[49],"suffer":[50],"from":[51],"coarse-grained":[52],"analyses":[53],"and":[54,67,78,88,103,112,134,142,164,171,175],"dependency":[55],"on":[56,123],"labor-intensive":[57],"annotations.":[58,121],"This":[59],"paper":[60],"introduces":[61],"RAIDX":[62,92,155],"(Retrieval-Augmented":[63],"Image":[64],"Deepfake":[65],"Detection":[66],"Explainability),":[68],"novel":[70],"framework":[73,160],"integrating":[74],"Retrieval-Augmented":[75],"Generation":[76],"(RAG)":[77],"Group":[79],"Relative":[80],"Policy":[81],"Optimization":[82],"(GRPO)":[83],"to":[84,95,106,161],"enhance":[85],"accuracy":[87,102,170],"decision":[89],"explainability.":[90,172],"Specifically,":[91],"leverages":[93],"RAG":[94,163],"incorporate":[96],"external":[97],"knowledge":[98],"for":[99,118],"improved":[100],"employs":[104],"GRPO":[105],"autonomously":[107],"generate":[108],"fine-grained":[109],"textual":[110,140],"explanations":[111],"saliency":[113,143],"maps,":[114,144],"eliminating":[115],"need":[117],"extensive":[119],"manual":[120],"Experiments":[122],"multiple":[124],"benchmarks":[125],"demonstrate":[126],"RAIDX's":[127],"effectiveness":[128],"in":[129,138,152,169],"identifying":[130],"real":[131],"fake,":[133],"providing":[135],"interpretable":[136],"rationales":[137],"both":[139],"descriptions":[141],"achieving":[145],"state-of-the-art":[146],"performance":[148],"while":[149],"advancing":[150],"identification.":[154],"represents":[156],"first":[158],"unified":[159],"synergize":[162],"GRPO,":[165],"addressing":[166],"critical":[167],"gaps":[168],"Our":[173],"code":[174],"will":[177],"be":[178],"publicly":[179],"available.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-25T08:15:23.626066","created_date":"2025-10-25T00:00:00"}