{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411890856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3745772","title":"Poor Man\u2019s Training on MCUs: A Memory-Efficient Quantized Back-Propagation-Free Approach","display_name":"Poor Man\u2019s Training on MCUs: A Memory-Efficient Quantized Back-Propagation-Free Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411890856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3745772"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3745772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3745772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3745772","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112593845","display_name":"Yequan Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yequan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2785-6789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035225490","display_name":"Hai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7668-569X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology Research - Exploratory Integrated Circuits, Intel Corporation"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7668-569X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Research - Exploratory Integrated Circuits, Intel Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073072521","display_name":"Ian A. Young","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4017-5265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology Research - Exploratory Integrated Circuits, Intel Corporation"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4017-5265","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Research - Exploratory Integrated Circuits, Intel Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100459107","display_name":"Zheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2292-0030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2292-0030","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7588,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87263682,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"5","first_page":"1","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12814","display_name":"Gaussian Processes and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12814","display_name":"Gaussian Processes and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10500","display_name":"Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8262702226638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.6129707098007202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.5165099501609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.38628312945365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3725736141204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.32100212574005127}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8262702226638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.6129707098007202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.5165099501609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.38628312945365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3725736141204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.32100212574005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3745772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3745772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3745772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3745772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12634471","https://openalex.org/W114517082","https://openalex.org/W1853291804","https://openalex.org/W1977295328","https://openalex.org/W2010523529","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2124289529","https://openalex.org/W2138011018","https://openalex.org/W2149479912","https://openalex.org/W2171830216","https://openalex.org/W2482290902","https://openalex.org/W2507556850","https://openalex.org/W2533598788","https://openalex.org/W2746600820","https://openalex.org/W2883109957","https://openalex.org/W2901943374","https://openalex.org/W2952104986","https://openalex.org/W2962727772","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2963470657","https://openalex.org/W2964205597","https://openalex.org/W3033095513","https://openalex.org/W3035232708","https://openalex.org/W3036194958","https://openalex.org/W3044604993","https://openalex.org/W3044749682","https://openalex.org/W3083021344","https://openalex.org/W3092599113","https://openalex.org/W3093348380","https://openalex.org/W3097481549","https://openalex.org/W3098071563","https://openalex.org/W3113151582","https://openalex.org/W3114218318","https://openalex.org/W3177323791","https://openalex.org/W3199421948","https://openalex.org/W3210556158","https://openalex.org/W3213372188","https://openalex.org/W4210678178","https://openalex.org/W4229779967","https://openalex.org/W4236965008","https://openalex.org/W4240267682","https://openalex.org/W4246360676","https://openalex.org/W4282939141","https://openalex.org/W4283766928","https://openalex.org/W4286856918","https://openalex.org/W4287639545","https://openalex.org/W4312897837","https://openalex.org/W4320726207","https://openalex.org/W4367173722","https://openalex.org/W4378770452","https://openalex.org/W4386083033","https://openalex.org/W4387799585","https://openalex.org/W4388032243","https://openalex.org/W4389520216","https://openalex.org/W4390873530","https://openalex.org/W4404783269","https://openalex.org/W4406276505","https://openalex.org/W6638060716","https://openalex.org/W6778983485","https://openalex.org/W6780827055","https://openalex.org/W6804126242","https://openalex.org/W6838539104","https://openalex.org/W6852417290","https://openalex.org/W6854201698","https://openalex.org/W6856959462","https://openalex.org/W6987336464"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4316095964","https://openalex.org/W2383001583","https://openalex.org/W2771395446","https://openalex.org/W3091627987","https://openalex.org/W2147310439","https://openalex.org/W2089988144","https://openalex.org/W1985703800","https://openalex.org/W2347749188","https://openalex.org/W1972388196","https://openalex.org/W2735419558"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Back":[0],"propagation":[1],"(BP)":[2],"is":[3,170],"the":[4,37,82,91,117,182],"default":[5],"solution":[6],"for":[7,155,165,173],"gradient":[8],"computation":[9],"in":[10,47,97],"neural":[11],"network":[12],"training.":[13,121],"However,":[14],"implementing":[15],"BP-based":[16,133],"training":[17,57,65,128,134],"on":[18,59,135,145],"various":[19,142],"edge":[20,64,147],"devices":[21,148],"such":[22,35],"as":[23,36,68,70,132],"FPGA,":[24],"microcontrollers":[25],"(MCUs),":[26],"and":[27,44,179],"analog":[28],"computing":[29],"platforms":[30],"faces":[31],"multiple":[32],"major":[33,183],"challenges,":[34],"lack":[38],"of":[39,84,93,119],"hardware":[40,66,72],"resources,":[41],"long":[42],"time-to-market,":[43],"dramatic":[45],"errors":[46],"a":[48,54,76,94,98,105,137],"low-precision":[49,99],"setting.":[50],"This":[51,168],"article":[52],"presents":[53],"simple":[55],"BP-free":[56,127],"scheme":[58],"an":[60,150,160],"MCU,":[61],"which":[62,88],"makes":[63],"design":[67],"easy":[69],"inference":[71],"design.":[73],"We":[74,102],"adopt":[75],"quantized":[77,85],"zeroth-order":[78,120],"method":[79,169],"to":[80,115,141],"estimate":[81],"gradients":[83],"model":[86],"parameters,":[87],"can":[89,188],"overcome":[90],"error":[92],"straight-through":[95],"estimator":[96],"BP":[100],"scheme.":[101],"further":[103],"employ":[104],"few":[106],"dimension":[107],"reduction":[108],"methods":[109],"(e.g.,":[110,149],"node":[111],"perturbation,":[112],"sparse":[113,166],"training)":[114],"improve":[116],"convergence":[118],"Experiment":[122],"results":[123],"show":[124],"that":[125],"our":[126],"achieves":[129],"comparable":[130],"performance":[131],"adapting":[136],"pre-trained":[138],"image":[139],"classifier":[140],"corrupted":[143],"data":[144],"resource-constrained":[146],"MCU":[151,161],"with":[152,162],"1024-KB":[153],"SRAM":[154,164],"dense":[156],"full-model":[157],"training,":[158],"or":[159],"256-KB":[163],"training).":[167],"most":[171],"suitable":[172],"application":[174],"scenarios":[175],"where":[176],"memory":[177],"cost":[178],"time-to-market":[180],"are":[181],"concerns,":[184],"but":[185],"longer":[186],"latency":[187],"be":[189],"tolerated.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}