{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411628246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3745769","title":"Behind the Counter: Exploring Motivations and Barriers of Online Counterspeech Writing","display_name":"Behind the Counter: Exploring Motivations and Barriers of Online Counterspeech Writing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411628246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3745769"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3745769","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3745769","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S89276529","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","issn_l":"1073-0516","issn":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/6f71e07e-6bb9-45f5-ae2d-939b9165c634/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038295952","display_name":"Kaike Ping","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7520-7503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaike Ping","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA","Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7520-7503","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103978701","display_name":"A. Ganesh Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anisha Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA","Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0527-2660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101762391","display_name":"Xiaohan Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2679-3344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohan Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA","Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2679-3344","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054447687","display_name":"Eugenia Ha Rim Rho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0961-4397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eugenia H. Rho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA","Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0961-4397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.288,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97076068,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"5","first_page":"1","last_page":"53"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13155","display_name":"Digital Communication and Language","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/over-the-counter","display_name":"Over-the-counter","score":0.4278026223182678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3703152537345886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.11335039138793945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777988657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66320","display_name":"Over-the-counter","level":3,"score":0.4278026223182678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3703152537345886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11335039138793945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2426938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3355478","display_name":"Medical prescription","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3745769","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3745769","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S89276529","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","issn_l":"1073-0516","issn":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/136957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10919/136957","pdf_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/6f71e07e-6bb9-45f5-ae2d-939b9165c634/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/136957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10919/136957","pdf_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/6f71e07e-6bb9-45f5-ae2d-939b9165c634/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411628246.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411628246.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":153,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W139087018","https://openalex.org/W565279062","https://openalex.org/W1580090820","https://openalex.org/W1615506555","https://openalex.org/W1665332082","https://openalex.org/W1732974977","https://openalex.org/W1774980485","https://openalex.org/W1835390727","https://openalex.org/W1855539512","https://openalex.org/W1913957972","https://openalex.org/W1970209023","https://openalex.org/W1972115405","https://openalex.org/W1987604744","https://openalex.org/W2011394232","https://openalex.org/W2024118410","https://openalex.org/W2042367108","https://openalex.org/W2048729892","https://openalex.org/W2055509010","https://openalex.org/W2057608122","https://openalex.org/W2071666535","https://openalex.org/W2072985408","https://openalex.org/W2087103485","https://openalex.org/W2090438906","https://openalex.org/W2097436361","https://openalex.org/W2101457347","https://openalex.org/W2105994132","https://openalex.org/W2106103812","https://openalex.org/W2110078189","https://openalex.org/W2111112238","https://openalex.org/W2124137536","https://openalex.org/W2134792407","https://openalex.org/W2140964565","https://openalex.org/W2143544691","https://openalex.org/W2149448744","https://openalex.org/W2151224211","https://openalex.org/W2151881922","https://openalex.org/W2152126085","https://openalex.org/W2159466611","https://openalex.org/W2225076076","https://openalex.org/W2262972580","https://openalex.org/W2280695258","https://openalex.org/W2290497373","https://openalex.org/W2316855941","https://openalex.org/W2325893227","https://openalex.org/W2339590251","https://openalex.org/W2408204361","https://openalex.org/W2467216399","https://openalex.org/W2515419660","https://openalex.org/W2516435325","https://openalex.org/W2538387706","https://openalex.org/W2555691318","https://openalex.org/W2560266713","https://openalex.org/W2560308812","https://openalex.org/W2563668739","https://openalex.org/W2591906135","https://openalex.org/W2612287413","https://openalex.org/W2612633586","https://openalex.org/W2616605651","https://openalex.org/W2765861749","https://openalex.org/W2768343520","https://openalex.org/W2769533150","https://openalex.org/W2771946646","https://openalex.org/W2774215862","https://openalex.org/W2775336929","https://openalex.org/W2783539613","https://openalex.org/W2789728824","https://openalex.org/W2790153292","https://openalex.org/W2790861095","https://openalex.org/W2791200426","https://openalex.org/W2801267439","https://openalex.org/W2801702920","https://openalex.org/W2801781849","https://openalex.org/W2808652086","https://openalex.org/W2811001418","https://openalex.org/W2834201539","https://openalex.org/W2885168969","https://openalex.org/W2899039116","https://openalex.org/W2899575547","https://openalex.org/W2904840124","https://openalex.org/W2904996845","https://openalex.org/W2907731747","https://openalex.org/W2913841425","https://openalex.org/W2914783728","https://openalex.org/W2929079142","https://openalex.org/W2963446316","https://openalex.org/W2965226299","https://openalex.org/W2968893733","https://openalex.org/W2997434606","https://openalex.org/W2998058481","https://openalex.org/W3011921473","https://openalex.org/W3016280900","https://openalex.org/W3036891389","https://openalex.org/W3046773396","https://openalex.org/W3081969653","https://openalex.org/W3088866139","https://openalex.org/W3090267106","https://openalex.org/W3092227438","https://openalex.org/W3093710306","https://openalex.org/W3094450620","https://openalex.org/W3123409579","https://openalex.org/W3126217745","https://openalex.org/W3130734453","https://openalex.org/W3132211137","https://openalex.org/W3146506805","https://openalex.org/W3157634694","https://openalex.org/W3164613214","https://openalex.org/W3164670481","https://openalex.org/W3168548811","https://openalex.org/W3171687791","https://openalex.org/W3176261297","https://openalex.org/W3198791469","https://openalex.org/W3201375796","https://openalex.org/W3205295609","https://openalex.org/W4200225834","https://openalex.org/W4200232392","https://openalex.org/W4205797662","https://openalex.org/W4206500717","https://openalex.org/W4207052662","https://openalex.org/W4210531461","https://openalex.org/W4214845962","https://openalex.org/W4234993303","https://openalex.org/W4239019441","https://openalex.org/W4239950209","https://openalex.org/W4242994815","https://openalex.org/W4285306484","https://openalex.org/W4287855098","https://openalex.org/W4288058298","https://openalex.org/W4288084906","https://openalex.org/W4293126426","https://openalex.org/W4298091299","https://openalex.org/W4301131586","https://openalex.org/W4303633976","https://openalex.org/W4309674289","https://openalex.org/W4311046605","https://openalex.org/W4312646376","https://openalex.org/W4322421454","https://openalex.org/W4323531113","https://openalex.org/W4324095566","https://openalex.org/W4327911820","https://openalex.org/W4368368510","https://openalex.org/W4387344955","https://openalex.org/W4390712116","https://openalex.org/W4391929439","https://openalex.org/W4409735071","https://openalex.org/W6605646299","https://openalex.org/W6610040953","https://openalex.org/W6661492272","https://openalex.org/W6696861938","https://openalex.org/W6782967225","https://openalex.org/W6813876463","https://openalex.org/W6843844804","https://openalex.org/W6903254655","https://openalex.org/W7029150895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4387033846","https://openalex.org/W4323294214","https://openalex.org/W2794524664","https://openalex.org/W4411308567","https://openalex.org/W3022003570","https://openalex.org/W1532059671","https://openalex.org/W2136814153","https://openalex.org/W2931662336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Current":[0],"research":[1],"mainly":[2],"explores":[3,180],"the":[4,82,172,212],"attributes":[5],"and":[6,42,68,70,81,112,131,152,157,171,204,206],"impact":[7],"of":[8,16,60,84,95,102,211],"online":[9,20,45,96,104,117,135,143,215],"counterspeech,":[10],"leaving":[11],"a":[12,58,93,99,197,207],"gap":[13],"in":[14,19,109,116,142,159],"understanding":[15,201,210],"who":[17],"engages":[18],"counterspeech":[21,46,72,105,118,144,160,170,190,202,216],"or":[22,25],"what":[23],"motivates":[24],"deters":[26],"users":[27],"from":[28,57],"participating.":[29],"To":[30],"investigate":[31],"this,":[32],"we":[33,195],"surveyed":[34],"458":[35],"English-speaking":[36],"US":[37],"participants,":[38],"analyzing":[39],"key":[40,100],"motivations":[41,111],"barriers":[43,113,158,205],"underlying":[44],"engagement.":[47,106,217],"We":[48],"presented":[49],"each":[50],"participant":[51],"with":[52,127],"three":[53],"hate":[54,97,136],"speech":[55],"examples":[56],"set":[59],"900,":[61],"spanning":[62],"race,":[63],"gender,":[64],"religion,":[65],"sexual":[66],"orientation,":[67],"disability":[69],"requested":[71],"responses.":[73],"Subsequent":[74],"questions":[75],"assessed":[76],"their":[77,85,110,167],"satisfaction,":[78],"perceived":[79],"difficulty,":[80],"effectiveness":[83],"counterspeech.":[86],"Our":[87],"findings":[88],"show":[89],"that":[90],"having":[91],"been":[92],"target":[94],"is":[98],"driver":[101],"frequent":[103],"People":[107],"differ":[108],"toward":[114],"engaging":[115],"across":[119],"different":[120],"demographic":[121],"groups.":[122],"Younger":[123],"individuals,":[124],"women,":[125],"those":[126],"higher":[128],"education":[129],"levels,":[130],"regular":[132],"witnesses":[133],"to":[134,140,146,183],"are":[137],"more":[138,208],"reluctant":[139],"engage":[141],"due":[145],"concerns":[147],"around":[148],"public":[149],"exposure,":[150],"retaliation,":[151],"third-party":[153],"harassment.":[154],"Varying":[155],"motivation":[156,203],"engagement":[161],"also":[162],"shape":[163],"how":[164],"individuals":[165],"view":[166],"own":[168],"self-authored":[169],"difficulty":[173],"experienced":[174],"writing":[175],"it.":[176],"Additionally,":[177],"our":[178],"work":[179,194],"people\u2019s":[181],"willingness":[182],"use":[184],"AI":[185],"technologies":[186],"like":[187],"ChatGPT":[188],"for":[189,200],"writing.":[191],"Through":[192],"this":[193],"introduce":[196],"multi-item":[198],"scale":[199],"nuanced":[209],"factors":[213],"shaping":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}