{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411563155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3744709","title":"Anomaly Detection Services for Blockchain Smart Contracts with Unknown Vulnerabilities","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Services for Blockchain Smart Contracts with Unknown Vulnerabilities","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411563155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3744709"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3744709","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3744709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053805418","display_name":"Chunhong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7364-0568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75955062","display_name":"Henan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00s13br28","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunhong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China","Henan Normal University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7364-0568","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114275197","display_name":"Zihang Sang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0697-0000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihang Sang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0697-0000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019931070","display_name":"Li Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-7416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","Beijing Jiaotong University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-7416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jingxiong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4289-7289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75955062","display_name":"Henan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00s13br28","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingxiong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China","Henan Normal University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4289-7289","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wei Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0780-4637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia","University of Technology Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0780-4637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100777576","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5974-1589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","Beijing Jiaotong University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5974-1589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053805418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75955062"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.6646,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96941403,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9678999781608582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9296000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9723513722419739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6890535354614258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6204982995986938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.6174080967903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4483184814453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.15406641364097595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9723513722419739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6890535354614258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6204982995986938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.6174080967903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4483184814453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.15406641364097595}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3744709","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3744709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3114604587","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G66235543","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20230484257","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","funder_display_name":"Beijing Nova Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","display_name":"Beijing Nova Program","ror":"https://ror.org/034k14f91"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051000513","https://openalex.org/W2137052698","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2604844934","https://openalex.org/W2748690817","https://openalex.org/W2794659749","https://openalex.org/W2846896781","https://openalex.org/W2908007588","https://openalex.org/W2963610883","https://openalex.org/W2970809537","https://openalex.org/W2982275082","https://openalex.org/W2984037327","https://openalex.org/W2987160260","https://openalex.org/W2989657022","https://openalex.org/W2995871203","https://openalex.org/W2999609570","https://openalex.org/W3003036212","https://openalex.org/W3005806855","https://openalex.org/W3015109388","https://openalex.org/W3033777149","https://openalex.org/W3035733952","https://openalex.org/W3083471387","https://openalex.org/W3098149161","https://openalex.org/W3103843811","https://openalex.org/W3105187050","https://openalex.org/W3119253238","https://openalex.org/W3121385022","https://openalex.org/W3132968002","https://openalex.org/W3157975240","https://openalex.org/W3182763642","https://openalex.org/W3198212763","https://openalex.org/W4206712151","https://openalex.org/W4211181447","https://openalex.org/W4285060547","https://openalex.org/W4306931660","https://openalex.org/W4308642997","https://openalex.org/W4367047249","https://openalex.org/W4377235325","https://openalex.org/W4386952226","https://openalex.org/W4388936767","https://openalex.org/W4389560241","https://openalex.org/W4392902538","https://openalex.org/W4394745234","https://openalex.org/W4400117505","https://openalex.org/W4400579931","https://openalex.org/W4400583113","https://openalex.org/W4402215618","https://openalex.org/W4403421363"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388187043","https://openalex.org/W4285161539","https://openalex.org/W2982625131","https://openalex.org/W4408904490","https://openalex.org/W4409770598","https://openalex.org/W4406264591","https://openalex.org/W4396636834","https://openalex.org/W3092627261","https://openalex.org/W4396241386","https://openalex.org/W4399333949"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Security":[0],"vulnerabilities":[1,48,58,163],"in":[2,27,49,83,160,171],"smart":[3,11,50,87,126,145],"contracts":[4,127,146],"can":[5],"have":[6,25],"severe":[7],"economic":[8],"consequences.":[9],"Existing":[10],"contract":[12,88],"vulnerability":[13],"detection":[14,68],"methods":[15,159],"rely":[16],"primarily":[17],"on":[18],"rigid":[19],"rules":[20],"defined":[21],"by":[22,55],"experts":[23],"and":[24,46,62,99,110,114,141,164],"difficulty":[26],"detecting":[28,63,161,172],"unknown":[29,47,57,173],"vulnerabilities.":[30,174],"This":[31,52,72],"article":[32],"proposes":[33],"a":[34,77,122,153,166],"new":[35,78,150],"Anomalous":[36],"Smart":[37],"Contract":[38],"Detector,":[39],"named":[40,70],"ASCD,":[41],"to":[42,76,120,136],"effectively":[43],"detect":[44],"known":[45,162],"contracts.":[51],"is":[53,73],"achieved":[54],"interpreting":[56],"as":[59],"code":[60],"anomalies":[61],"them":[64],"with":[65],"an":[66],"anomaly":[67,130],"technique":[69],"DeepSVDD.":[71],"also":[74],"attributed":[75],"design":[79],"of":[80,125,169],"feature":[81],"extraction,":[82],"which":[84],"we":[85],"compile":[86],"source":[89],"codes":[90],"into":[91],"opcodes,":[92],"extract":[93],"semantic":[94,113],"features":[95,102,117],"from":[96,103],"opcode":[97],"sequences,":[98],"control":[100,104,115],"flow":[101,105,116],"graphs.":[106],"By":[107],"joining":[108],"LSTM":[109],"GIN,":[111],"the":[112,138],"are":[118],"fused":[119],"offer":[121],"comprehensive":[123],"representation":[124],"suitable":[128],"for":[129],"detection.":[131],"Extensive":[132],"experiments":[133],"were":[134,147],"conducted":[135],"verify":[137],"ASCD":[139],"model,":[140],"more":[142],"than":[143,157],"30,000":[144],"tested.":[148],"The":[149],"model":[151],"offers":[152],"significantly":[154],"better":[155],"F1-score":[156],"existing":[158],"achieves":[165],"high":[167],"accuracy":[168],"77%":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}