{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415000300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3744335.3758512","title":"It Matters Who Is Behind The Wheel: Driver Monitoring Feature Analysis Using Explainable AI","display_name":"It Matters Who Is Behind The Wheel: Driver Monitoring Feature Analysis Using Explainable AI","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415000300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3744335.3758512"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3744335.3758512","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3744335.3758512","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Adjunct Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rafael Cirino Gon\u00e7alves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-7654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Cirino Gon\u00e7alves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-7654","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102637966","display_name":"Jorge Pardo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7621-1005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Pardo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7621-1005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048069896","display_name":"Mohammed Elhenawy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Mamdouh Zakaria Elhenawy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2634-4576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078238696","display_name":"Jonny Kuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6422-4623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801120396","display_name":"Boeing (Australia)","ror":"https://ror.org/0346ase89","country_code":"AU","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012","https://openalex.org/I2801120396"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonny Kuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seeing Machines Ltd., Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6422-4623","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seeing Machines Ltd., Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801120396"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026516871","display_name":"Mohsen Azarmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0737-9204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Azarmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0737-9204","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067789332","display_name":"Mahdi Rezaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3892-421X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahdi Rezaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3892-421X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019007054","display_name":"Michael G. Lenn\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1671-6276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801120396","display_name":"Boeing (Australia)","ror":"https://ror.org/0346ase89","country_code":"AU","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012","https://openalex.org/I2801120396"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael G. Lenn\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seeing Machines Ltd., Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1671-6276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seeing Machines Ltd., Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801120396"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024591851","display_name":"Ronald Schroeter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-1474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald Schroeter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-1474","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059540023","display_name":"Natasha Merat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4140-9948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natasha Merat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4140-9948","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1559,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8947294,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"245","last_page":"249"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9606999754905701,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5468000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.24969999492168427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.23639999330043793}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6093000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5468000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4848000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.24969999492168427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.24040000140666962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.23639999330043793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.22669999301433563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.22030000388622284}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3744335.3758512","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3744335.3758512","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Adjunct Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:234218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-7654>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4903897284","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IAA4176","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968815370","https://openalex.org/W1980213106","https://openalex.org/W2004210413","https://openalex.org/W2146948159","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2591596401","https://openalex.org/W2750875423","https://openalex.org/W2766186544","https://openalex.org/W2892156502","https://openalex.org/W2905459027","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2942484717","https://openalex.org/W3082374611","https://openalex.org/W3093244481","https://openalex.org/W3135028703","https://openalex.org/W3157338581","https://openalex.org/W4234741468","https://openalex.org/W4386142022","https://openalex.org/W4389047869","https://openalex.org/W4395681875","https://openalex.org/W4401131984"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work-in-progress":[1],"examines":[2],"how":[3],"gaze-based":[4],"features":[5],"and":[6,36,43,55,77,134],"individual":[7,90],"driver":[8,49,91,114,131],"characteristics":[9,92],"influence":[10],"takeover":[11,61,99],"performance":[12],"prediction":[13],"in":[14],"partially":[15,138],"automated":[16,139],"vehicles.":[17,140],"We":[18],"present":[19],"preliminary":[20,86,121],"findings":[21,102],"from":[22],"a":[23,30],"driving":[24],"simulator":[25],"study":[26],"(N=33)":[27],"that":[28,48,89,110],"used":[29],"decision-tree":[31],"(XGBoost)":[32],"machine":[33],"learning":[34],"model":[35],"explainable":[37],"AI":[38],"techniques":[39],"(permutation":[40],"feature":[41],"importance":[42],"SHAP":[44],"analysis).":[45],"Results":[46],"show":[47],"profile":[50],"features\u2014particularly":[51],"professional":[52],"training,":[53],"experience,":[54],"age\u2014emerged":[56],"as":[57],"highly":[58],"predictive":[59],"of":[60],"readiness":[62],"alongside":[63],"traditional":[64],"gaze":[65,83],"metrics":[66],"like":[67],"fatigue":[68],"indicators.":[69],"While":[70],"current":[71],"Driver":[72],"Monitoring":[73],"Systems":[74],"(DMS)":[75],"approaches":[76],"regulatory":[78],"recommendations":[79],"focus":[80],"on":[81,113],"universal":[82],"thresholds,":[84],"our":[85],"analysis":[87],"reveals":[88],"may":[93],"be":[94],"more":[95],"important":[96],"for":[97,105,126,137],"predicting":[98],"performance.":[100],"These":[101],"suggest":[103],"potential":[104],"developing":[106],"adaptive":[107],"automotive":[108,135],"interfaces":[109,136],"adjust":[111],"based":[112],"profiles":[115],"rather":[116],"than":[117],"one-size-fits-all":[118],"approaches.":[119],"The":[120],"results":[122],"highlight":[123],"the":[124],"need":[125],"careful":[127],"consideration":[128],"when":[129],"designing":[130],"monitoring":[132],"systems":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}