{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412593024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3744169.3744180","title":"Steps towards an Ecology for the Internet","display_name":"Steps towards an Ecology for the Internet","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412593024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3744169.3744180"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3744169.3744180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3744169.3744180","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the sixth decennial Aarhus conference: Computing X Crisis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3744169.3744180","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004447568","display_name":"Anil Madhavapeddy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8954-2428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anil Madhavapeddy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077296498","display_name":"S.A. Reynolds","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1255-580X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sam Reynolds","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Alec Philip Christie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8465-8410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alec Philip Christie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College, London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089619012","display_name":"David A. Coomes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8261-2582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David A Coomes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000123977","display_name":"Michael Dales","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Winston Dales","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005602813","display_name":"Patrick Ferris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0778-8828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Ferris","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016751718","display_name":"Ryan Gibb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5702-3143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Thomas Gibb","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043326652","display_name":"Hamed Haddadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5895-8903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamed Haddadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College, London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011733309","display_name":"Sadiq Jaffer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4120-3244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadiq Jaffer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101820209","display_name":"Josh Millar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2247-1594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josh David Millar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001010367","display_name":"Cyrus Omar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4502-7971"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cyrus Omar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077493578","display_name":"William J. Sutherland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6498-0437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Sutherland","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062093738","display_name":"Jon Crowcroft","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7013-0121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Crowcroft","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004447568"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.6859,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9903538,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"107","last_page":"116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5800138115882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5083913207054138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.5065337419509888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.32137805223464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.16618242859840393}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5800138115882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5083913207054138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.5065337419509888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.32137805223464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.16618242859840393}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3744169.3744180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3744169.3744180","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the sixth decennial Aarhus conference: Computing X Crisis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.06469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.06469","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.06469","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/121929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.06469v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"AAR 2025: The sixth decennial Aarhus conference: Computing X Crisis","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3744169.3744180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3744169.3744180","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the sixth decennial Aarhus conference: Computing X Crisis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":91,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46291926","https://openalex.org/W1504135136","https://openalex.org/W1568700310","https://openalex.org/W1576511234","https://openalex.org/W1787944530","https://openalex.org/W1807704166","https://openalex.org/W1904738922","https://openalex.org/W1988975763","https://openalex.org/W1991285543","https://openalex.org/W1995865334","https://openalex.org/W2004917540","https://openalex.org/W2025018396","https://openalex.org/W2028582741","https://openalex.org/W2031006315","https://openalex.org/W2040920300","https://openalex.org/W2081105932","https://openalex.org/W2092302011","https://openalex.org/W2095849074","https://openalex.org/W2097882629","https://openalex.org/W2099937944","https://openalex.org/W2100307718","https://openalex.org/W2107198105","https://openalex.org/W2125551282","https://openalex.org/W2130210899","https://openalex.org/W2134939854","https://openalex.org/W2141846515","https://openalex.org/W2150008133","https://openalex.org/W2152121970","https://openalex.org/W2153641582","https://openalex.org/W2155026826","https://openalex.org/W2159821105","https://openalex.org/W2165100126","https://openalex.org/W2165804863","https://openalex.org/W2195675270","https://openalex.org/W2270167820","https://openalex.org/W2529674568","https://openalex.org/W2594545251","https://openalex.org/W2759820149","https://openalex.org/W2791544114","https://openalex.org/W2792645927","https://openalex.org/W2888871828","https://openalex.org/W2889158235","https://openalex.org/W2910880399","https://openalex.org/W2948356239","https://openalex.org/W2953987186","https://openalex.org/W2980558733","https://openalex.org/W2997887265","https://openalex.org/W3008013786","https://openalex.org/W3027977119","https://openalex.org/W3028257094","https://openalex.org/W3122889152","https://openalex.org/W3167432010","https://openalex.org/W3192129658","https://openalex.org/W3193930888","https://openalex.org/W3194857165","https://openalex.org/W3212385379","https://openalex.org/W3217106969","https://openalex.org/W4213151654","https://openalex.org/W4223645328","https://openalex.org/W4232308647","https://openalex.org/W4247177133","https://openalex.org/W4253773297","https://openalex.org/W4311887664","https://openalex.org/W4312560227","https://openalex.org/W4320718859","https://openalex.org/W4366823175","https://openalex.org/W4367595543","https://openalex.org/W4372266579","https://openalex.org/W4386214569","https://openalex.org/W4386223642","https://openalex.org/W4386365395","https://openalex.org/W4388644506","https://openalex.org/W4388783433","https://openalex.org/W4388939078","https://openalex.org/W4391215118","https://openalex.org/W4391490484","https://openalex.org/W4391591522","https://openalex.org/W4394838745","https://openalex.org/W4396708207","https://openalex.org/W4396868147","https://openalex.org/W4399695554","https://openalex.org/W4400894802","https://openalex.org/W4401577050","https://openalex.org/W4402026039","https://openalex.org/W4403206613","https://openalex.org/W4404240706","https://openalex.org/W4404780865","https://openalex.org/W4404910466","https://openalex.org/W4405218796","https://openalex.org/W4406335538","https://openalex.org/W4407123511"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Internet":[1,28,84,100,122],"has":[2,54],"grown":[3],"from":[4,39,42,75,76],"a":[5,14,33,81],"humble":[6],"set":[7],"of":[8,44,59,130],"protocols":[9],"for":[10,97,120],"end-to-end":[11],"connectivity":[12],"into":[13,90],"critical":[15],"global":[16],"system":[17],"with":[18,64],"no":[19],"builtin":[20],"\"immune":[21],"system\".":[22],"In":[23],"the":[24,27,57,62,68,99,121],"next":[25],"decade":[26],"will":[29],"likely":[30],"grow":[31],"to":[32,48,56,112,123],"trillion":[34],"nodes":[35],"and":[36],"need":[37],"protection":[38],"threats":[40],"ranging":[41],"floods":[43],"fake":[45],"generative":[46],"data":[47],"AI-driven":[49],"malware.":[50],"Unfortunately,":[51],"growing":[52],"centralisation":[53],"lead":[55],"breakdown":[58],"mutualism":[60],"across":[61],"network,":[63],"surveillance":[65],"capitalism":[66],"now":[67],"dominant":[69],"business":[70],"model.":[71],"We":[72,93,117],"take":[73],"lessons":[74],"biological":[77],"systems":[78],"towards":[79,125],"evolving":[80],"more":[82,114,127],"resilient":[83],"that":[85],"can":[86],"integrate":[87],"adaptation":[88],"mechanisms":[89],"its":[91],"fabric.":[92],"also":[94],"contribute":[95],"ideas":[96],"how":[98,107],"might":[101,110],"incorporate":[102],"digital":[103],"immune":[104],"systems,":[105],"including":[106],"software":[108],"stacks":[109],"mutate":[111],"encourage":[113],"architectural":[115],"diversity.":[116],"strongly":[118],"advocate":[119],"\"re-decentralise\"":[124],"incentivising":[126],"mutualistic":[128],"forms":[129],"communication.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}