{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411087996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3743139","title":"Spread Spectrum Watermark in DC: A View from the Embedding Processing","display_name":"Spread Spectrum Watermark in DC: A View from the Embedding Processing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411087996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3743139"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3743139","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3743139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Huijuan Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2042-6944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174104030","display_name":"Taiyuan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/051k00p03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174104030"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huijuan Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China and School of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong, China","Taiyuan University of Technology, China and Taiyuan Normal University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2042-6944","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China and School of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174104030"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taiyuan University of Technology, China and Taiyuan Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174104030","https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033118635","display_name":"Baoning Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7924-3384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baoning Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China","Taiyuan University of Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7924-3384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taiyuan University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013463366","display_name":"Ying Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7554-063X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7554-063X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xuefei Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3705-4885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181877577","display_name":"Shanxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03y3e3s17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142037","display_name":"Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0522dg826","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142037"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuefei Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China","Shanxi University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3705-4885","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanxi University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142037"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117852353","display_name":"Fangpeng Lan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangpeng Lan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China","Taiyuan University of Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4350-579X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taiyuan University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Peng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5271-8472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174104030","display_name":"Taiyuan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/051k00p03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174104030"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong, China","Taiyuan Normal University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5271-8472","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174104030"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Taiyuan Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174104030"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174104030","https://openalex.org/I9086337"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0484,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87048527,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"8","first_page":"1","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8810781836509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.7474780678749084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6799758672714233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.6150681972503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.46544349193573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","score":0.4360370635986328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41014012694358826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3868944048881531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3817569315433502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3273431658744812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.10156017541885376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8810781836509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.7474780678749084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6799758672714233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.6150681972503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.46544349193573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156778621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365748","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4360370635986328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41014012694358826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3868944048881531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3817569315433502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3273431658744812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.10156017541885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3743139","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3743139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2375268160","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202302010101004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336035","funder_display_name":"Shanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Project"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336035","display_name":"Shanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012465762","https://openalex.org/W2067508541","https://openalex.org/W2078133453","https://openalex.org/W2099633994","https://openalex.org/W2110293524","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2129686661","https://openalex.org/W2134173507","https://openalex.org/W2134974095","https://openalex.org/W2147237708","https://openalex.org/W2147825527","https://openalex.org/W2151858695","https://openalex.org/W2171796115","https://openalex.org/W2230168420","https://openalex.org/W2480674817","https://openalex.org/W2482889576","https://openalex.org/W2736265182","https://openalex.org/W2786928439","https://openalex.org/W2804830560","https://openalex.org/W2899413106","https://openalex.org/W2928947536","https://openalex.org/W2972560931","https://openalex.org/W3028710606","https://openalex.org/W3088984785","https://openalex.org/W3134175397","https://openalex.org/W3153115310","https://openalex.org/W3207249673","https://openalex.org/W4214882459","https://openalex.org/W4220744054","https://openalex.org/W4235044381","https://openalex.org/W4321022044","https://openalex.org/W4385496356","https://openalex.org/W4386640770","https://openalex.org/W4386998312","https://openalex.org/W4389666611","https://openalex.org/W4392405568","https://openalex.org/W4392806484","https://openalex.org/W4409512023","https://openalex.org/W4409512263","https://openalex.org/W4409513158","https://openalex.org/W4409513226"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2080353903","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W1514507288"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spread":[0],"spectrum":[1,39],"watermarking":[2],"is":[3,82,108,155,176],"a":[4,24,64,94,111],"robust":[5],"methodology":[6],"for":[7,96],"image":[8],"copyright":[9],"identification.":[10],"Embedding":[11],"location":[12,67],"and":[13,59,72,183,188],"weight":[14,152,164],"are":[15,32,138],"two":[16],"critical":[17],"factors":[18],"that":[19,63,169],"influence":[20],"watermark":[21,40,57,197],"performance.":[22],"As":[23],"rule":[25],"of":[26,45,56,114,120,130,172,186,195,204],"thumb,":[27],"direct":[28],"current":[29],"(DC)":[30],"coefficients":[31,100,116,126],"generally":[33],"excluded":[34],"from":[35,53,117],"embedding":[36,58,66,143,181],"the":[37,43,54,61,98,103,121,125,128,131,135,142,163,170,173,179,184,193,196,208],"spread":[38],"due":[41],"to":[42,140],"introduction":[44],"block":[46],"artifacts.":[47],"We":[48],"investigate":[49],"into":[50,162],"this":[51,90],"issue":[52],"view":[55],"reveal":[60],"fact":[62],"desired":[65],"should":[68],"have":[69],"small":[70],"module":[71],"high":[73,80],"stability.":[74],"The":[75],"DC":[76,99,115],"location,":[77,182],"while":[78],"exhibiting":[79],"stability,":[81],"constrained":[83],"by":[84],"its":[85],"large":[86],"module.":[87],"To":[88,145],"address":[89],"limitation,":[91],"we":[92],"present":[93],"method":[95,154],"adjusting":[97],"(ADC).":[101],"First,":[102],"discrete":[104],"cosine":[105],"transform":[106],"(DCT)":[107],"performed":[109],"on":[110],"matrix":[112],"comprised":[113],"all":[118],"blocks":[119],"host":[122],"image.":[123],"Second,":[124],"at":[127],"end":[129],"high-frequency":[132],"band,":[133],"with":[134,207],"smallest":[136],"module,":[137],"selected":[139],"form":[141],"location.":[144],"adapt":[146],"different":[147],"real":[148],"scenes,":[149],"an":[150,201],"attack-based":[151],"(ABW)":[153],"presented.":[156],"It":[157],"incorporates":[158],"prior":[159],"attack":[160],"information":[161],"determination.":[165],"Experimental":[166],"results":[167],"demonstrate":[168],"performance":[171,194],"state-of-the-art":[174],"algorithms":[175],"improved":[177],"using":[178],"adjusted":[180],"integration":[185],"ADC":[187],"ABW":[189],"methods":[190],"further":[191],"enhances":[192],"system,":[198],"which":[199],"achieves":[200],"average":[202],"PSNR":[203],"48":[205],"dB":[206],"bit":[209],"error":[210],"ratio":[211],"(BER)":[212],"approaching":[213],"zero.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-20T08:49:12.498775","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
