{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411237757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3742786","title":"Spotting the Fakes: A Deep Dive into GAN-Generated Face Detection","display_name":"Spotting the Fakes: A Deep Dive into GAN-Generated Face Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411237757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3742786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3742786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3742786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100328001","display_name":"Xin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7528-2407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113508548","display_name":"Albany State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vme4277","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113508548"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548","https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103023932","display_name":"Ting Tsai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113508548","display_name":"Albany State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vme4277","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113508548"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Yu Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548","https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010622891","display_name":"Li Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2583-7651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006026396","display_name":"Guo Hui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6641-7410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York,  USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York,  USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100687829","display_name":"Shu Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1446-4140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shu Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012638803","display_name":"Ming\u2010Ching Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9325-5341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113508548","display_name":"Albany State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vme4277","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113508548"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Ching Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548","https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034818486","display_name":"Pradeep K. Atrey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9577-0969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113508548","display_name":"Albany State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vme4277","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113508548"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pradeep K. Atrey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548","https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023752172","display_name":"Siwei Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0992-685X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siwei Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100328001"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548","https://openalex.org/I392282"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8352,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93513624,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"7","first_page":"1","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8758453130722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5499144196510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5402623414993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5224282145500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.5060378909111023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.49741438031196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.48574310541152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.47808098793029785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strengths-and-weaknesses","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","score":0.4439775347709656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4311484098434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.37360575795173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32727178931236267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.31263720989227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.23710864782333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10179653763771057}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8758453130722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5499144196510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5402623414993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5224282145500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.5060378909111023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.49741438031196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.48574310541152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.47808098793029785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63882131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","level":2,"score":0.4439775347709656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4311484098434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.37360575795173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32727178931236267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.31263720989227295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.23710864782333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10179653763771057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3742786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3742786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":121,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1762781077","https://openalex.org/W1966716734","https://openalex.org/W1981826826","https://openalex.org/W2053101950","https://openalex.org/W2055745001","https://openalex.org/W2525579820","https://openalex.org/W2620971809","https://openalex.org/W2730845691","https://openalex.org/W2789758093","https://openalex.org/W2888519208","https://openalex.org/W2904336702","https://openalex.org/W2909336075","https://openalex.org/W2913239513","https://openalex.org/W2913399670","https://openalex.org/W2913789312","https://openalex.org/W2921416006","https://openalex.org/W2959409678","https://openalex.org/W2972221175","https://openalex.org/W2975558816","https://openalex.org/W2979099827","https://openalex.org/W2979259381","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W2998718632","https://openalex.org/W3011149445","https://openalex.org/W3019200173","https://openalex.org/W3019406411","https://openalex.org/W3033696290","https://openalex.org/W3034368386","https://openalex.org/W3034429116","https://openalex.org/W3038930935","https://openalex.org/W3100333586","https://openalex.org/W3106649810","https://openalex.org/W3122887115","https://openalex.org/W3125803510","https://openalex.org/W3130391092","https://openalex.org/W3133982943","https://openalex.org/W3135485589","https://openalex.org/W3135809943","https://openalex.org/W3138154797","https://openalex.org/W3140587737","https://openalex.org/W3149117597","https://openalex.org/W3154569431","https://openalex.org/W3155203878","https://openalex.org/W3159326640","https://openalex.org/W3170019900","https://openalex.org/W3174232000","https://openalex.org/W3177525997","https://openalex.org/W3188353775","https://openalex.org/W3194584009","https://openalex.org/W3197009661","https://openalex.org/W3197262403","https://openalex.org/W3198846190","https://openalex.org/W3204217431","https://openalex.org/W3209679112","https://openalex.org/W4200560037","https://openalex.org/W4205695807","https://openalex.org/W4211008685","https://openalex.org/W4212863271","https://openalex.org/W4213187648","https://openalex.org/W4214708455","https://openalex.org/W4214809420","https://openalex.org/W4220706152","https://openalex.org/W4225976440","https://openalex.org/W4226232191","https://openalex.org/W4230100295","https://openalex.org/W4231258501","https://openalex.org/W4231739479","https://openalex.org/W4233184749","https://openalex.org/W4237729708","https://openalex.org/W4241001320","https://openalex.org/W4243947120","https://openalex.org/W4246193054","https://openalex.org/W4249009392","https://openalex.org/W4249502209","https://openalex.org/W4251247712","https://openalex.org/W4255556797","https://openalex.org/W4281632540","https://openalex.org/W4284895444","https://openalex.org/W4285826695","https://openalex.org/W4287760095","https://openalex.org/W4293209991","https://openalex.org/W4294974742","https://openalex.org/W4308165186","https://openalex.org/W4311608193","https://openalex.org/W4312508951","https://openalex.org/W4312747027","https://openalex.org/W4313559678","https://openalex.org/W4318464899","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W4321021674","https://openalex.org/W4324358731","https://openalex.org/W4360611483","https://openalex.org/W4361767417","https://openalex.org/W4380769213","https://openalex.org/W4382119155","https://openalex.org/W4385270415","https://openalex.org/W4385283689","https://openalex.org/W4385486090","https://openalex.org/W4385486282","https://openalex.org/W4385819777","https://openalex.org/W4386184788","https://openalex.org/W4390187629","https://openalex.org/W4390874170","https://openalex.org/W4391110866","https://openalex.org/W4391563741","https://openalex.org/W4392774535","https://openalex.org/W4392939497","https://openalex.org/W4393065402","https://openalex.org/W4394597718","https://openalex.org/W4402252380","https://openalex.org/W4402776467","https://openalex.org/W4402916453","https://openalex.org/W4403792403","https://openalex.org/W4404969295","https://openalex.org/W4405779039","https://openalex.org/W4409111150","https://openalex.org/W4409248565","https://openalex.org/W4409478246","https://openalex.org/W6645652150","https://openalex.org/W6748328607","https://openalex.org/W6799031293"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165912799","https://openalex.org/W2735662278","https://openalex.org/W2336272890","https://openalex.org/W4308999381","https://openalex.org/W4312238398","https://openalex.org/W3211418293","https://openalex.org/W4308999963","https://openalex.org/W4312081214","https://openalex.org/W4285815683","https://openalex.org/W325114128"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generative":[0],"Adversarial":[1],"Networks":[2],"(GANs)":[3],"have":[4],"enabled":[5],"the":[6,120],"creation":[7],"of":[8,25,53,124],"highly":[9],"authentic":[10],"facial":[11,65],"images,":[12],"which":[13],"are":[14],"increasingly":[15],"used":[16],"in":[17,28,36,56,93],"deceptive":[18],"social":[19],"media":[20],"profiles":[21],"and":[22,85,102,114,122,139,150],"other":[23],"forms":[24],"disinformation,":[26],"resulting":[27],"serious":[29],"consequences.":[30],"Significant":[31],"progress":[32],"has":[33],"been":[34],"made":[35],"developing":[37],"GAN-generated":[38,57],"face":[39,58],"detection":[40,73,113],"systems":[41],"to":[42,98,118],"identify":[43],"these":[44],"fake":[45],"images.":[46],"This":[47],"study":[48],"offers":[49],"a":[50,108],"comprehensive":[51],"review":[52,129],"recent":[54],"advancements":[55],"detection,":[59],"focusing":[60],"on":[61],"techniques":[62],"that":[63],"detect":[64],"images":[66],"generated":[67,141],"by":[68,142],"GAN":[69],"models.":[70,144],"We":[71,89],"categorize":[72],"methods":[74],"into":[75],"three":[76],"groups:":[77],"(1)":[78],"deep":[79],"learning-based":[80],"approaches,":[81],"(2)":[82],"physics-based":[83],"methods,":[84],"(3)":[86],"physiology-based":[87],"methods.":[88],"summarize":[90],"key":[91],"concepts":[92],"each":[94],"category,":[95],"connecting":[96],"them":[97],"relevant":[99],"implementations,":[100],"datasets,":[101],"evaluation":[103],"metrics.":[104],"Additionally,":[105],"we":[106,128,146],"provide":[107],"comparative":[109],"analysis":[110],"between":[111],"automated":[112],"human":[115],"visual":[116],"performance":[117],"highlight":[119],"strengths":[121],"weaknesses":[123],"both":[125],"approaches.":[126],"Furthermore,":[127],"related":[130],"surveys,":[131],"including":[132],"detecting":[133],"morphed":[134],"faces,":[135,137],"manipulated":[136],"DeepFake,":[138],"faces":[140],"diffusion":[143],"Finally,":[145],"discuss":[147],"unresolved":[148],"challenges":[149],"suggest":[151],"potential":[152],"directions":[153],"for":[154],"future":[155],"research.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
