{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411644230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3742785","title":"Does Your Neural Code Completion Model Use My Code? A Membership Inference Approach","display_name":"Does Your Neural Code Completion Model Use My Code? A Membership Inference Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411644230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3742785"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3742785","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3742785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101555948","display_name":"Yao Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6937-4180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6937-4180","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guanghua Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4515-4398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanghua Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4515-4398","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shijie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4661-5900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shijie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4661-5900","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100412598","display_name":"Hongyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3063-9425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","Chongqing University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3063-9425","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053058502","display_name":"Yulei Sui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9510-6574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulei Sui","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia","University of New South Wales, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9510-6574","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100693194","display_name":"Pan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8747-9912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8747-9912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022262922","display_name":"Hai Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3934-7605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3934-7605","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015105117","display_name":"Lichao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1539-7939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186143895","display_name":"Lehigh University","ror":"https://ror.org/012afjb06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lichao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA","University of Lehigh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1539-7939","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lehigh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.792,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90910746,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7999160289764404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.584714949131012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5641441941261292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.37878331542015076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3030533790588379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.08716151118278503}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7999160289764404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.584714949131012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5641441941261292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.37878331542015076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3030533790588379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.08716151118278503}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3742785","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3742785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W128638292","https://openalex.org/W1543330234","https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W2143861926","https://openalex.org/W2184611825","https://openalex.org/W2602856279","https://openalex.org/W2787075213","https://openalex.org/W2906137240","https://openalex.org/W2914982603","https://openalex.org/W2950368691","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3085192122","https://openalex.org/W3100026183","https://openalex.org/W3105676597","https://openalex.org/W3138429261","https://openalex.org/W3138815606","https://openalex.org/W3162689995","https://openalex.org/W3185788529","https://openalex.org/W3210860486","https://openalex.org/W4205588087","https://openalex.org/W4205807230","https://openalex.org/W4226277721","https://openalex.org/W4238216513","https://openalex.org/W4285605356","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4300470068","https://openalex.org/W4308643994","https://openalex.org/W4386272920","https://openalex.org/W4395483066","https://openalex.org/W4397032804","https://openalex.org/W4403761251","https://openalex.org/W4404782027"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"years":[1],"have":[2],"witnessed":[3],"significant":[4],"progress":[5],"in":[6,47],"developing":[7],"deep":[8],"learning-based":[9],"models":[10,18,24,57,88,140,160,171,226,268],"for":[11,54,58,122,249,282],"automated":[12],"code":[13,34,46,59,86,96,102,131,138,197,206,224],"completion.":[14,132],"Examples":[15],"of":[16,32,83,130,194,203,214,222,245,264,269,296],"such":[17,40,69],"include":[19],"CodeGPT":[20,252],"and":[21,66,80,152,231,247,251,273],"StarCoder.":[22],"These":[23],"are":[25,172],"typically":[26],"trained":[27],"from":[28,36,168,293],"a":[29,51,111,126,177,195,204,219],"large":[30,266],"amount":[31],"source":[33,38,45],"collected":[35],"open":[37],"communities":[39],"as":[41,70,142],"GitHub.":[42],"Although":[43],"using":[44],"GitHub":[48],"has":[49],"been":[50],"common":[52],"practice":[53],"training":[55,150],"deep-learning-based":[56],"completion,":[60],"it":[61],"may":[62],"induce":[63],"some":[64],"legal":[65,79],"ethical":[67,81],"issues":[68,82],"copyright":[71],"infringement.":[72],"In":[73,133],"this":[74,107,215],"article,":[75],"we":[76,109,154,286],"investigate":[77],"the":[78,91,136,182,191,201,212,261,291,294],"current":[84,265],"neural":[85,101,223],"completion":[87,103,139,207,225],"by":[89],"answering":[90],"following":[92],"question:":[93],"Is":[94],"my":[95],"used":[97],"to":[98,125,148,156,161,175,189,277,289],"train":[99,157,176],"your":[100],"model":[104,297],"?":[105],"To":[106],"end,":[108],"tailor":[110],"membership":[112,178,183,192,263],"inference":[113],"approach":[114,217,238],"(termed":[115],"CodeMI":[116],")":[117],"that":[118,236,260],"was":[119],"originally":[120],"crafted":[121],"classification":[123],"tasks":[124],"more":[127],"challenging":[128],"task":[129],"particular,":[134],"since":[135],"target":[137,205],"perform":[141],"opaque":[143],"black":[144],"boxes,":[145],"preventing":[146],"access":[147],"their":[149,163],"data":[151,241,262],"parameters,":[153],"opt":[155],"multiple":[158],"shadow":[159,170],"mimic":[162],"behavior.":[164],"The":[165],"acquired":[166],"posteriors":[167],"these":[169],"subsequently":[173],"employed":[174,188],"classifier.":[179],"After":[180],"that,":[181],"classifier":[184],"can":[185],"be":[186],"effectively":[187,239],"deduce":[190],"status":[193],"given":[196],"sample":[198],"based":[199],"on":[200],"output":[202],"model.":[208],"We":[209],"comprehensively":[210],"evaluate":[211],"effectiveness":[213],"adapted":[216],"across":[218],"diverse":[220],"array":[221],"(i.e.,":[227],"LSTM-based,":[228],"CodeGPT,":[229],"CodeGen,":[230],"StarCoder).":[232],"Experimental":[233],"results":[234],"demonstrate":[235],"our":[237,256],"detects":[240],"membership,":[242],"achieving":[243],"accuracies":[244],"0.842":[246],"0.730":[248],"LSTM-based":[250],"models,":[253],"respectively.":[254],"Interestingly,":[255],"experiments":[257],"also":[258,287],"show":[259],"language":[267],"code,":[270],"e.g.,":[271],"CodeGen":[272],"StarCoder,":[274],"is":[275],"difficult":[276],"detect,":[278],"leaving":[279],"ample":[280],"space":[281],"further":[283],"improvement.":[284],"Finally,":[285],"try":[288],"explain":[290],"findings":[292],"perspective":[295],"memorization.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}