{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411242349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3736168","title":"Towards Optimizing Learned Index for High Performance, Memory Efficiency and NUMA Awareness","display_name":"Towards Optimizing Learned Index for High Performance, Memory Efficiency and NUMA Awareness","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411242349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3736168"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3736168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3736168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3736168","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019081863","display_name":"Lixiao Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4017-0974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lixiao Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University","College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4017-0974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029042074","display_name":"K. C. Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9770-9987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kedi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University","College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9770-9987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026498734","display_name":"Yusen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6623-350X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University","Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6623-350X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100367433","display_name":"Gang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0387-2501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University","School of Computer Science, Nankai University,  Tianjin China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0387-2501","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nankai University,  Tianjin China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390120","display_name":"Xiaoguang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9010-3278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoguang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University","School of Computer Science, Nankai University,  Tianjin China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9010-3278","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nankai University,  Tianjin China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019081863"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11460353,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8092793226242065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.5034496188163757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.12307795882225037}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8092793226242065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5034496188163757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.12307795882225037}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3736168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3736168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3736168","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3736168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7910927561","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272252, 62272253","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1422898865","https://openalex.org/W1596249140","https://openalex.org/W1980806195","https://openalex.org/W1985229168","https://openalex.org/W1987201308","https://openalex.org/W2412642011","https://openalex.org/W2429518132","https://openalex.org/W2433709474","https://openalex.org/W2588022964","https://openalex.org/W2734941459","https://openalex.org/W2912574597","https://openalex.org/W2945486614","https://openalex.org/W2948233700","https://openalex.org/W2962771342","https://openalex.org/W2978248638","https://openalex.org/W2979531022","https://openalex.org/W2999149038","https://openalex.org/W3000271263","https://openalex.org/W3010879772","https://openalex.org/W3012550338","https://openalex.org/W3029564598","https://openalex.org/W3033065823","https://openalex.org/W3037277156","https://openalex.org/W3037785458","https://openalex.org/W3100941245","https://openalex.org/W3103567827","https://openalex.org/W3106489949","https://openalex.org/W3121516856","https://openalex.org/W3157724116","https://openalex.org/W3160240113","https://openalex.org/W3164254023","https://openalex.org/W3168743864","https://openalex.org/W3194881980","https://openalex.org/W4281723711","https://openalex.org/W4284974261","https://openalex.org/W4294904071","https://openalex.org/W4294904076","https://openalex.org/W4381621971","https://openalex.org/W4386707640","https://openalex.org/W4390204234","https://openalex.org/W4399175211"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learned":[0],"indexes":[1,13,41],"provide":[2],"significant":[3],"performance":[4,19,160],"advantages":[5],"over":[6],"classical":[7],"ordered":[8],"indexes.":[9],"However,":[10,94],"current":[11],"learned":[12,40,50,165],"face":[14],"challenges":[15],"regarding":[16],"tradeoffs":[17],"between":[18],"and":[20,55,85,112,126,158],"space,":[21,105],"as":[22,24],"well":[23],"scalability":[25],"issues":[26],"in":[27,42,81,89,109],"platforms":[28],"with":[29,52],"multiple":[30,133],"NUMA":[31,134],"nodes.":[32,135],"These":[33],"limitations":[34],"hinder":[35],"the":[36,69,103,128],"practical":[37],"application":[38],"of":[39,60,71,102,142],"production":[43],"environments.":[44],"This":[45],"article":[46],"presents":[47],"DiffLex,":[48],"a":[49,100,139,169],"index":[51,171],"high-performance,":[53],"memory-efficiency,":[54],"NUMA-awareness.":[56],"The":[57],"core":[58],"design":[59],"DiffLex":[61,76,106,119,143,155],"is":[62],"to":[63,115,163],"perform":[64],"differentiated":[65],"management":[66],"based":[67],"on":[68],"popularity":[70],"data.":[72],"For":[73],"optimal":[74],"performance,":[75],"stores":[77,107],"newly":[78],"inserted":[79],"data":[80,88,97],"sparse":[82,90,124],"delta":[83],"arrays":[84,111,131],"frequently":[86],"accessed":[87],"hot":[91,129],"cache":[92,130],"arrays.":[93],"for":[95,145],"cold":[96],"that":[98,154],"occupy":[99],"majority":[101],"storage":[104],"them":[108],"dense":[110],"conducts":[113],"compression":[114],"reduce":[116],"memory":[117,148],"costs.":[118],"ensures":[120],"NUMA-awareness":[121],"by":[122],"partitioning":[123],"deltas":[125],"replicating":[127],"across":[132],"Additionally,":[136],"we":[137],"propose":[138],"persistent":[140,147],"version":[141],"tailored":[144],"emerging":[146],"devices.":[149],"Our":[150],"evaluation":[151],"results":[152],"demonstrate":[153],"achieving":[156],"3.88\u00d7":[157],"1.82\u00d7":[159],"improvements":[161],"compared":[162],"state-of-the-art":[164],"indexes,":[166],"while":[167],"maintaining":[168],"compact":[170],"size.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}