{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410430711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3736162","title":"Judge: Effective State Abstraction for Guiding Automated Web GUI Testing","display_name":"Judge: Effective State Abstraction for Guiding Automated Web GUI Testing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410430711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3736162"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3736162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3736162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111035621","display_name":"Chenxu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4604-491X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Lab of HCST (PKU), MOE, SCS, Peking University, Beijing, China","Key Lab of HCST (PKU), MOE; SCS; Peking University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4604-491X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of HCST (PKU), MOE, SCS, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of HCST (PKU), MOE; SCS; Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089623120","display_name":"Junheng Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, China","School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3215-9700","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100613524","display_name":"Wei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5338-7347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA","University of Texas at Dallas, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5338-7347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Dallas, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108127936","display_name":"Ying Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6924-2319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Lab of HCST (PKU) &amp; National Engineering Research Center of Software Engineering, MOE, Peking University, Beijing, China","Key Lab of HCST (PKU) &amp; National Engineering Research Center of Software Engineering, MOE; Peking University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6924-2319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of HCST (PKU) &amp; National Engineering Research Center of Software Engineering, MOE, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of HCST (PKU) &amp; National Engineering Research Center of Software Engineering, MOE; Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048118068","display_name":"Tao Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6731-216X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Lab of HCST (PKU), MOE, SCS, Peking University, Beijing, China","Key Lab of HCST (PKU), MOE; SCS; Peking University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6731-216X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of HCST (PKU), MOE, SCS, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of HCST (PKU), MOE; SCS; Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3077,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78159126,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8467450141906738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.624320387840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.5665961503982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.49645453691482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.4381479322910309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-testing","display_name":"Web testing","score":0.43181583285331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.32421472668647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.26549792289733887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-service","display_name":"Web service","score":0.19453644752502441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-development","display_name":"Web development","score":0.15510734915733337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application-security","display_name":"Web application security","score":0.1451277732849121}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8467450141906738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.624320387840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.5665961503982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.49645453691482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.4381479322910309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42989059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978626","display_name":"Web testing","level":5,"score":0.43181583285331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32421472668647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.26549792289733887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.19453644752502441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79373723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386275","display_name":"Web development","level":3,"score":0.15510734915733337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59241245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781497","display_name":"Web application security","level":4,"score":0.1451277732849121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3736162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3736162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W1566513354","https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W1647671624","https://openalex.org/W2011539648","https://openalex.org/W2012833704","https://openalex.org/W2028509346","https://openalex.org/W2034958218","https://openalex.org/W2043042437","https://openalex.org/W2085922539","https://openalex.org/W2111607551","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2126446220","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2138621090","https://openalex.org/W2139532006","https://openalex.org/W2145349611","https://openalex.org/W2152565070","https://openalex.org/W2153273516","https://openalex.org/W2168573702","https://openalex.org/W2170505850","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2336188181","https://openalex.org/W2408216925","https://openalex.org/W2740742367","https://openalex.org/W2747304901","https://openalex.org/W2750779823","https://openalex.org/W2798991696","https://openalex.org/W2912083425","https://openalex.org/W2912500072","https://openalex.org/W2913954081","https://openalex.org/W2914304175","https://openalex.org/W2916009164","https://openalex.org/W2955215835","https://openalex.org/W2968774823","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3090530797","https://openalex.org/W3100652389","https://openalex.org/W3145609436","https://openalex.org/W3156636935","https://openalex.org/W3163745263","https://openalex.org/W3173783447","https://openalex.org/W3175362188","https://openalex.org/W3177754813","https://openalex.org/W3194555047","https://openalex.org/W3201915713","https://openalex.org/W3210529140","https://openalex.org/W4285490439","https://openalex.org/W4288073075","https://openalex.org/W4290876361","https://openalex.org/W4297910443","https://openalex.org/W4312950830","https://openalex.org/W4383988777","https://openalex.org/W4384345807","https://openalex.org/W4399657679","https://openalex.org/W4399920862","https://openalex.org/W6611141452"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2350300534","https://openalex.org/W2365828106","https://openalex.org/W2369571370","https://openalex.org/W643057374","https://openalex.org/W2364392443","https://openalex.org/W2381625382","https://openalex.org/W2362190997","https://openalex.org/W4249792249","https://openalex.org/W2003115932","https://openalex.org/W2373514839"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"web":[1,13,28,227,254,326,387],"GUI":[2,388],"testing":[3,30,82,180,389],"approaches":[4,31,49,90,160,345],"aim":[5],"to":[6,22,63,84,107,113,158,177,240,298,357,371],"maximize":[7],"the":[8,23,40,57,65,77,93,114,120,179,184,212,218,232,244,257,264,283,288,360,372,383],"code":[9,396,405],"coverage":[10,397],"of":[11,27,221,253,385,402,408],"a":[12,16,69,81,193,208,237,293,310],"app":[14,42],"within":[15,119],"specific":[17],"time":[18],"budget.":[19],"However,":[20,117],"due":[21],"highly":[24],"dynamic":[25],"characteristics":[26],"apps,":[29,394],"often":[32],"get":[33],"stuck":[34],"in":[35,60,161,187,256,282,317,346,359,381,390],"loops":[36],"or":[37,98,104,166],"repeatedly":[38],"explore":[39],"same":[41,58,78,115,121,233,284],"areas.":[43],"To":[44,182],"address":[45,183],"this":[46,188,260],"issue,":[47],"existing":[48,159],"conduct":[50],"state":[51,59,67,70,123,175,204],"abstraction,":[52],"grouping":[53],"similar":[54],"pages":[55,75,110,118,281],"into":[56,236,303],"an":[61,351,400],"effort":[62],"approximate":[64],"ideal":[66,122,285],"(i.e.,":[68],"that":[71,230,340],"encompasses":[72],"all-and-only":[73],"those":[74],"exhibiting":[76],"behavior":[79],"from":[80,172,355],"perspective)":[83],"reduce":[85],"repetitive":[86],"explorations.":[87],"Typically,":[88],"these":[89,343],"rely":[91],"on":[92,197],"Document":[94],"Object":[95],"Model":[96],"(DOM)":[97],"visual":[99],"similarity,":[100],"using":[101],"predefined":[102],"thresholds":[103,165],"learning-based":[105],"classifiers":[106],"determine":[108],"which":[109],"should":[111],"belong":[112],"state.":[116,286],"still":[124],"exhibit":[125],"discrepancies,":[126],"caused":[127],"by":[128,268,399],"factors":[129],"such":[130],"as":[131],"dynamically":[132,136,269,273],"loaded":[133,270],"data":[134,271,407],"and":[135,144,200,225,242,250,272,305,321,406],"expanded":[137,274],"UI":[138,275],"elements.":[139],"The":[140,337,404],"varying":[141],"page":[142,224,301,348],"complexities":[143],"design":[145],"styles":[146],"among":[147],"apps":[148],"bring":[149],"even":[150],"more":[151],"challenges.":[152],"These":[153],"phenomena":[154],"present":[155],"substantial":[156],"obstacles":[157],"determining":[162],"desirable":[163,168],"classification":[164,308,316],"training":[167],"classifiers,":[169],"preventing":[170],"them":[171],"conducting":[173],"satisfactory":[174],"abstraction":[176],"guide":[178],"process.":[181,258],"preceding":[185],"challenges,":[186],"article,":[189],"we":[190],"propose":[191],"Judge,":[192],"novel":[194],"approach":[195],"based":[196],"structure":[198,235],"merging":[199],"contrastive":[201,295],"learning":[202,296],"for":[203],"abstraction.":[205],"Judge":[206,215,262,291,330,341,378,409],"includes":[207],"\u201cmerge-and-classify\u201d":[209],"strategy.":[210],"In":[211,259,287],"\u201cmerge\u201d":[213],"phase,":[214,290],"iterates":[216],"through":[217],"DOM":[219],"tree":[220],"each":[222],"given":[223],"merges":[226],"element":[228],"siblings":[229],"share":[231],"subtree":[234],"single":[238],"one":[239],"abstract":[241],"simplify":[243],"page,":[245],"while":[246],"discarding":[247],"text":[248],"contents":[249],"HTML":[251],"attributes":[252],"elements":[255],"way,":[261],"mitigates":[263],"negative":[265],"effects":[266],"introduced":[267],"elements,":[276],"substantially":[277],"reducing":[278],"discrepancies":[279],"between":[280],"\u201cclassify\u201d":[289],"uses":[292],"dedicated":[294],"model":[297],"embed":[299],"simplified":[300],"DOMs":[302],"vectors":[304],"further":[306],"conducts":[307],"with":[309,350,395],"Support":[311],"Vector":[312],"Machine":[313],"(SVM),":[314],"enabling":[315],"high-dimensional":[318],"vector":[319],"space":[320],"improving":[322],"generalizability":[323],"across":[324,363],"diverse":[325],"apps.":[327],"We":[328],"evaluate":[329],"against":[331],"13":[332],"widely":[333,392],"used":[334],"baseline":[335,344,376],"approaches.":[336],"results":[338],"highlight":[339],"outperforms":[342],"classifying":[347],"pairs,":[349],"average":[352,401],"margin":[353],"ranging":[354],"8.95%":[356],"28.90%":[358],"F1":[361],"score":[362],"three":[364],"manually":[365],"labeled":[366],"datasets.":[367],"Additionally,":[368],"when":[369],"compared":[370],"five":[373],"most":[374],"effective":[375],"approaches,":[377],"demonstrates":[379],"superiority":[380],"guiding":[382],"exploration":[384],"automated":[386],"six":[391],"studied":[393],"improved":[398],"2.62\u201314.12%.":[403],"are":[410],"publicly":[411],"accessible.":[412]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
