{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411267027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3735592","title":"Tree Borrows","display_name":"Tree Borrows","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411267027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3735592"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3735592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3735592","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3735592","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073125395","display_name":"Neven Villani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2726-5036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106785703","display_name":"Institut polytechnique de Grenoble","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbt2524","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106785703","https://openalex.org/I899635006"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899635006","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes","ror":"https://ror.org/02rx3b187","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899635006"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Neven Villani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering), Grenoble, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2726-5036","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering), Grenoble, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I899635006","https://openalex.org/I106785703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017162501","display_name":"Johannes Hostert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5038-8283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Hostert","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5038-8283","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050585539","display_name":"Derek Dreyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3884-6867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121786","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Software Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02pe2kf23","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210121786"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derek Dreyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["MPI-SWS, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3884-6867","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MPI-SWS, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025527323","display_name":"Ralf Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7669-6348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralf Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7669-6348","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073125395"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106785703","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I899635006"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.7449,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97519946,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"PLDI","first_page":"1019","last_page":"1042"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12161","display_name":"Plant Surface Properties and Treatments","score":0.7177000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12161","display_name":"Plant Surface Properties and Treatments","score":0.7177000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.670799970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.6617000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.35370635986328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27546611428260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.11275750398635864}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.35370635986328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27546611428260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.11275750398635864}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3735592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3735592","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3735592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3735592","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W201976661","https://openalex.org/W1969064066","https://openalex.org/W1998263113","https://openalex.org/W2154942048","https://openalex.org/W2414762192","https://openalex.org/W2885030506","https://openalex.org/W2898471596","https://openalex.org/W2899856510","https://openalex.org/W2901454403","https://openalex.org/W2996725384","https://openalex.org/W3164004581","https://openalex.org/W3196027996","https://openalex.org/W4206600087","https://openalex.org/W4395686619","https://openalex.org/W6911779823"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4300555509","https://openalex.org/W2012355422","https://openalex.org/W2500288385","https://openalex.org/W2324793904","https://openalex.org/W4409061273","https://openalex.org/W1990807745","https://openalex.org/W2967004676","https://openalex.org/W2380468212","https://openalex.org/W4302386688","https://openalex.org/W1994187047"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Rust":[1,24,140,152,204],"programming":[2],"language":[3],"is":[4,33,108,175],"well":[5],"known":[6],"for":[7,30,147],"its":[8],"ownership-based":[9],"type":[10,64],"system,":[11],"which":[12,31],"offers":[13],"strong":[14,60],"guarantees":[15,61],"like":[16,56],"memory":[17],"safety":[18,32],"and":[19,37,142,234],"data":[20],"race":[21],"freedom.":[22],"However,":[23,124],"also":[25,235],"provides":[26],"unsafe":[27,90,106,139],"escape":[28],"hatches,":[29],"not":[34,145],"guaranteed":[35],"automatically":[36],"must":[38],"instead":[39],"be":[40,135],"manually":[41],"upheld":[42],"by":[43,87,177],"the":[44,51,59,63,79,151,170,179,182,192,198,230],"programmer.":[45],"This":[46,190],"creates":[47],"a":[48,117,188],"tension.":[49],"On":[50,78],"one":[52],"hand,":[53,81],"compilers":[54],"would":[55],"to":[57,68,73,102,134],"exploit":[58],"of":[62,70,95,119,150,184,229],"system\u2014particularly":[65],"those":[66,82],"pertaining":[67],"aliasing":[69],"pointers\u2014in":[71],"order":[72],"unlock":[74],"powerful":[75],"intraprocedural":[76],"optimizations.":[77],"other":[80],"optimizations":[83,233],"are":[84],"easily":[85],"invalidated":[86],"\u201cbadly":[88,109],"behaved\u201d":[89],"code.":[91],"To":[92,160],"ensure":[93],"correctness":[94],"such":[96],"optimizations,":[97],"it":[98,143,226],"thus":[99],"becomes":[100],"necessary":[101],"clearly":[103],"define":[104],"what":[105],"code":[107],"behaved.\u201d":[110],"In":[111],"prior":[112],"work,":[113],"Stacked":[114,125,185,217,231],"Borrows":[115,126,167,174,186,209,218,232],"defined":[116,176],"set":[118],"rules":[120,127],"achieving":[121],"this":[122],"goal.":[123],"out":[128,133],"several":[129],"patterns":[130],"that":[131,155,207,225],"turn":[132],"common":[136],"in":[137],"real-world":[138],"code,":[141],"does":[144],"account":[146],"advanced":[148],"features":[149],"borrow":[153],"checker":[154],"were":[156],"introduced":[157],"more":[158],"recently.":[159],"resolve":[161],"these":[162],"issues,":[163],"we":[164,221],"present":[165],"Tree":[166,173,208],".":[168],"As":[169],"name":[171],"suggests,":[172],"replacing":[178],"stack":[180],"at":[181],"heart":[183],"with":[187],"tree.":[189],"overcomes":[191],"aforementioned":[193],"limitations:":[194],"our":[195],"evaluation":[196],"on":[197],"30":[199],"000":[200],"most":[201,228],"widely":[202],"used":[203],"crates":[205],"shows":[206],"rejects":[210],"54":[211],"%":[212],"fewer":[213],"test":[214],"cases":[215],"than":[216],"does.":[219],"Additionally,":[220],"prove":[222],"(in":[223],"Rocq)":[224],"retains":[227],"enables":[236],"important":[237],"new":[238],"ones,":[239],"notably":[240],"read-read":[241],"reorderings.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-09T15:46:55.921056","created_date":"2025-06-14T00:00:00"}
