{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410156235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3734695","title":"Evaluating Robustness of Learning-Enabled Medical Cyber-Physical Systems with Naturally Adversarial Datasets","display_name":"Evaluating Robustness of Learning-Enabled Medical Cyber-Physical Systems with Naturally Adversarial Datasets","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410156235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3734695"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3734695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3734695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2506189754","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","issn_l":"2378-962X","issn":["2378-962X","2378-9638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000106500","display_name":"Sydney Pugh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1465-983X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sydney Pugh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","University of Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1465-983X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021509994","display_name":"Ivan Ruchkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3546-414X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Ruchkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA","University of Florida, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3546-414X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054356243","display_name":"James Weimer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-9163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Weimer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","Vanderbilt University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-9163","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030456600","display_name":"Insup Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-1132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Insup Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","University of Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-1132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04260446,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"39"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.9044557809829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.8091275691986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6313574910163879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.5733292102813721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.547073483467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43002742528915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3832147419452667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.06728214025497437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.9044557809829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.8091275691986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6313574910163879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.5733292102813721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.547073483467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43002742528915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3832147419452667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.06728214025497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3734695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3734695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2506189754","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","issn_l":"2378-962X","issn":["2378-962X","2378-9638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W2137591261","https://openalex.org/W2404161646","https://openalex.org/W2420085356","https://openalex.org/W2539402368","https://openalex.org/W2548326872","https://openalex.org/W2591788621","https://openalex.org/W2592362528","https://openalex.org/W2606051733","https://openalex.org/W2783555701","https://openalex.org/W2783784437","https://openalex.org/W2791984039","https://openalex.org/W2797694788","https://openalex.org/W2895604144","https://openalex.org/W2901782819","https://openalex.org/W2911424454","https://openalex.org/W2924137909","https://openalex.org/W2946609015","https://openalex.org/W2949158150","https://openalex.org/W2951365061","https://openalex.org/W2963448658","https://openalex.org/W2989588035","https://openalex.org/W2998617917","https://openalex.org/W3004493409","https://openalex.org/W3021557699","https://openalex.org/W3046849394","https://openalex.org/W3047185145","https://openalex.org/W3089028909","https://openalex.org/W3129166376","https://openalex.org/W3185094524","https://openalex.org/W3194676777","https://openalex.org/W3197040406","https://openalex.org/W4210278321","https://openalex.org/W4235216760","https://openalex.org/W4245050711","https://openalex.org/W4281291869","https://openalex.org/W4286486495","https://openalex.org/W4286750697","https://openalex.org/W4288262459","https://openalex.org/W4288548690","https://openalex.org/W4292402161","https://openalex.org/W4323521095","https://openalex.org/W4386436384","https://openalex.org/W4388294588","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6739651123","https://openalex.org/W6747473890","https://openalex.org/W6765536919","https://openalex.org/W6766937060","https://openalex.org/W6777273766","https://openalex.org/W6778399619","https://openalex.org/W6781254577","https://openalex.org/W6786798588","https://openalex.org/W6797949073"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4310988119","https://openalex.org/W4285226279","https://openalex.org/W4288019534"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Medical":[0],"cyber-physical":[1],"systems":[2,23],"(MCPS)":[3],"are":[4],"increasingly":[5,162],"adopting":[6],"learning-enabled":[7],"components":[8],"(LECs)":[9],"to":[10,16,53,63,90,98,110,116,157,190],"enhance":[11],"their":[12,44],"decision-making":[13],"capabilities.":[14],"Due":[15],"the":[17,37,76,83,112,146,150,182,197],"safety-critical":[18],"nature":[19],"of":[20,39,85,114,161,187,199],"MCPS,":[21],"these":[22,68,144],"must":[24],"maintain":[25],"high":[26],"performance":[27],"on":[28,51,143,170],"both":[29],"expected":[30],"and":[31,138,153,175,184,195,206],"unexpected":[32],"input":[33,65,151],"data.":[34,66,87],"Therefore,":[35],"ensuring":[36],"robustness":[38,52,89,99,113,201],"LE-MCPS":[40,115],"is":[41],"crucial":[42],"for":[43,165],"successful":[45],"deployment.":[46],"Existing":[47],"research":[48],"predominantly":[49],"focuses":[50],"synthetic":[54,69,91],"adversarial":[55,70,92,103,118,124,163,193],"examples":[56,71,93,104],",":[57],"crafted":[58],"by":[59],"adding":[60],"imperceptible":[61],"perturbations":[62],"clean":[64],"However,":[67],"do":[72],"not":[73,95],"accurately":[74],"reflect":[75],"most":[77],"challenging":[78],"real-world":[79],"scenarios,":[80],"especially":[81],"in":[82,203],"context":[84],"healthcare":[86],"Consequently,":[88],"may":[94],"necessarily":[96],"translate":[97],"against":[100],"naturally":[101,123,192],"occurring":[102],".":[105],"We":[106],"propose":[107],"a":[108,159],"method":[109,121,147],"evaluate":[111],"natural":[117],"examples.":[119],"The":[120],"curates":[122],"datasets":[125,164,194],"leveraging":[126],"probabilistic":[127],"labels":[128],"obtained":[129],"from":[130],"automated":[131],"weakly":[132],"supervised":[133],"labeling":[134,140],"which":[135],"combines":[136],"noisy":[137],"cheap-to-obtain":[139],"heuristics.":[141],"Based":[142],"labels,":[145],"adversarially":[148],"orders":[149],"data":[152],"uses":[154],"this":[155],"ordering":[156],"construct":[158],"sequence":[160],"assessing":[166],"robustness.":[167],"Our":[168],"evaluation":[169,202],"six":[171],"MCPS":[172],"case":[173,178],"studies":[174,179],"two":[176],"non-medical":[177],"demonstrates":[180],"(1)":[181],"efficacy":[183],"statistical":[185],"validity":[186],"our":[188,200],"approach":[189],"generating":[191],"(2)":[196],"utility":[198],"classifying":[204],"robust":[205],"non-robust":[207],"LE-MCPS.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
