{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410095577","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3734218","title":"A Survey of Side-Channel Attacks on Branch Prediction Units","display_name":"A Survey of Side-Channel Attacks on Branch Prediction Units","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410095577","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3734218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3734218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3734218","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3734218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3734218","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410801","display_name":"Ji Hoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4427-3997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Korea (the Republic of)","Korea University,  Seongbuk-gu, Korea (the Republic of)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4427-3997","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Korea (the Republic of)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea University,  Seongbuk-gu, Korea (the Republic of)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078908585","display_name":"Hyerean Jang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4100-9338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyerean Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Korea (the Republic of)","Korea University,  Seongbuk-gu Korea (the Republic of)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4100-9338","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Korea (the Republic of)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea University,  Seongbuk-gu Korea (the Republic of)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059690207","display_name":"Youngjoo Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4831-7392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youngjoo Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Korea (the Republic of)","Korea University,  Seongbuk-gu, Korea (the Republic of)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4831-7392","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Korea (the Republic of)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea University,  Seongbuk-gu, Korea (the Republic of)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2837,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91866389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"11","first_page":"1","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.876160740852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.8443710207939148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/branch-predictor","display_name":"Branch predictor","score":0.777168869972229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4748970568180084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4591803252696991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32406848669052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3017931282520294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2789807915687561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.1780773103237152}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.876160740852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.8443710207939148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168522837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679552","display_name":"Branch predictor","level":2,"score":0.777168869972229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4748970568180084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4591803252696991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32406848669052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3017931282520294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2789807915687561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.1780773103237152}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3734218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3734218","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3734218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3734218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3734218","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3734218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6146880898","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023R1A2C2006862","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410095577.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410095577.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":112,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1253017325","https://openalex.org/W1482147200","https://openalex.org/W1565369953","https://openalex.org/W1963529871","https://openalex.org/W2025539306","https://openalex.org/W2056778557","https://openalex.org/W2106728965","https://openalex.org/W2111401192","https://openalex.org/W2128255161","https://openalex.org/W2131019288","https://openalex.org/W2137453738","https://openalex.org/W2157116240","https://openalex.org/W2199175040","https://openalex.org/W2255548496","https://openalex.org/W2299561166","https://openalex.org/W2302098303","https://openalex.org/W2406174928","https://openalex.org/W2522718524","https://openalex.org/W2540422252","https://openalex.org/W2562036180","https://openalex.org/W2595350342","https://openalex.org/W2613661332","https://openalex.org/W2742405359","https://openalex.org/W2768516003","https://openalex.org/W2769061097","https://openalex.org/W2795111205","https://openalex.org/W2807403537","https://openalex.org/W2810584084","https://openalex.org/W2884163605","https://openalex.org/W2884530475","https://openalex.org/W2885297972","https://openalex.org/W2886430483","https://openalex.org/W2890909432","https://openalex.org/W2900880976","https://openalex.org/W2903910116","https://openalex.org/W2904129921","https://openalex.org/W2905380323","https://openalex.org/W2905418916","https://openalex.org/W2907549405","https://openalex.org/W2913208203","https://openalex.org/W2914202959","https://openalex.org/W2931030580","https://openalex.org/W2933306136","https://openalex.org/W2946772038","https://openalex.org/W2947949043","https://openalex.org/W2952265249","https://openalex.org/W2952322674","https://openalex.org/W2953977010","https://openalex.org/W2963047853","https://openalex.org/W2964281551","https://openalex.org/W2976763854","https://openalex.org/W2978325751","https://openalex.org/W2979633637","https://openalex.org/W2979849111","https://openalex.org/W2982776349","https://openalex.org/W2985509521","https://openalex.org/W2994651626","https://openalex.org/W3004850737","https://openalex.org/W3010786541","https://openalex.org/W3013258932","https://openalex.org/W3015216799","https://openalex.org/W3015465581","https://openalex.org/W3033697620","https://openalex.org/W3036557299","https://openalex.org/W3042802894","https://openalex.org/W3096372727","https://openalex.org/W3096867085","https://openalex.org/W3098582260","https://openalex.org/W3100860658","https://openalex.org/W3103451427","https://openalex.org/W3128086255","https://openalex.org/W3137537256","https://openalex.org/W3152624075","https://openalex.org/W3153564332","https://openalex.org/W3155543450","https://openalex.org/W3159033757","https://openalex.org/W3160448675","https://openalex.org/W3180257170","https://openalex.org/W3181370975","https://openalex.org/W3199976353","https://openalex.org/W3206140227","https://openalex.org/W3207150733","https://openalex.org/W3212058523","https://openalex.org/W3212702873","https://openalex.org/W3213572793","https://openalex.org/W4205983429","https://openalex.org/W4213420501","https://openalex.org/W4232120412","https://openalex.org/W4233119454","https://openalex.org/W4238933398","https://openalex.org/W4242926647","https://openalex.org/W4246977929","https://openalex.org/W4281779787","https://openalex.org/W4287883049","https://openalex.org/W4288057787","https://openalex.org/W4288086178","https://openalex.org/W4289038676","https://openalex.org/W4295290086","https://openalex.org/W4306908890","https://openalex.org/W4308643131","https://openalex.org/W4309073410","https://openalex.org/W4312056957","https://openalex.org/W4367847590","https://openalex.org/W4380153987","https://openalex.org/W4380881061","https://openalex.org/W4385245129","https://openalex.org/W4388857283","https://openalex.org/W4388867283","https://openalex.org/W4389332300","https://openalex.org/W4389459074","https://openalex.org/W4395106389","https://openalex.org/W4400836607"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2159609636","https://openalex.org/W3196561854","https://openalex.org/W182679101","https://openalex.org/W3006344745","https://openalex.org/W2103519941","https://openalex.org/W3180573957","https://openalex.org/W2162805750","https://openalex.org/W2043669269","https://openalex.org/W2060145807","https://openalex.org/W3028997697"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,27,101,118],"CPU":[1,153],"architecture":[2],"landscape":[3],"is":[4],"constantly":[5],"evolving":[6,160],"to":[7,44,51,71,155],"optimize":[8],"performance.":[9],"However,":[10],"this":[11,73],"has":[12],"inadvertently":[13],"exposed":[14],"vulnerabilities":[15,43],"such":[16],"as":[17],"microarchitectural":[18,45],"traces":[19],"that":[20],"can":[21],"be":[22],"exploited":[23],"in":[24,36],"side-channel":[25,46,83,97,161],"attacks.":[26,47,84],"Branch":[28],"Prediction":[29],"Unit":[30],"(BPU)":[31],"plays":[32],"a":[33,78,88,121],"critical":[34],"role":[35],"improving":[37],"processor":[38],"performance,":[39],"but":[40,144],"also":[41,145],"introduces":[42],"Despite":[48],"ongoing":[49],"efforts":[50],"develop":[52],"defensive":[53],"techniques,":[54],"the":[55,63,92,125,139],"continued":[56],"emergence":[57],"of":[58,81,95,124,127,141],"new":[59],"attack":[60,132],"methods":[61],"underscores":[62],"need":[64],"for":[65,91,149],"comprehensive":[66],"analysis.":[67],"This":[68,85,134],"article":[69],"aims":[70],"address":[72],"research":[74],"gap":[75],"by":[76],"conducting":[77],"thorough":[79],"investigation":[80],"BPU-based":[82,96],"survey":[86],"presents":[87],"novel":[89],"taxonomy":[90],"systematic":[93],"classification":[94],"attacks":[98,102],"and":[99,103,115,152],"defenses.":[100],"defenses":[104],"are":[105],"categorized":[106],"based":[107],"on":[108],"three":[109],"components:":[110],"manipulated":[111],"unit,":[112],"core":[113],"technique,":[114],"disclosure":[116],"method.":[117],"analysis":[119],"provides":[120,146],"structured":[122],"evaluation":[123],"effectiveness":[126],"defense":[128],"techniques":[129],"against":[130,159],"each":[131],"technique.":[133],"study":[135],"not":[136],"only":[137],"enhances":[138],"understanding":[140],"BPU":[142],"exploitation,":[143],"valuable":[147],"insights":[148],"software":[150],"developers":[151],"designers":[154],"help":[156],"them":[157],"protect":[158],"threats.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-25T07:29:55.448023","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}