{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409591295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3731243","title":"Unravelling Digital Forgeries: A Systematic Survey on Image Manipulation Detection and Localization","display_name":"Unravelling Digital Forgeries: A Systematic Survey on Image Manipulation Detection and Localization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409591295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3731243"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3731243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3731243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042531759","display_name":"Vijayakumar Kadha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7784-1073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16292982","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Rourkela","ror":"https://ror.org/011gmn932","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"VijayaKumar Kadha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","National Institute of Technology Rourkela","Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,  Amaravati, India","National Institute of Technology Rourkela,  Rourkela, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7784-1073","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Technology Rourkela","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,  Amaravati, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Technology Rourkela,  Rourkela, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068696661","display_name":"Sambit Bakshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-114X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16292982","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Rourkela","ror":"https://ror.org/011gmn932","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sambit Bakshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela","Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-114X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000364609","display_name":"Santos Kumar Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8788-6152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16292982","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Rourkela","ror":"https://ror.org/011gmn932","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santos Kumar Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela","Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8788-6152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16292982"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2054,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97677612,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"12","first_page":"1","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9649999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8338700532913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-manipulation","display_name":"Image manipulation","score":0.6223138570785522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-image","display_name":"Digital image","score":0.5754116177558899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.549323558807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5070738792419434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-imaging","display_name":"Digital imaging","score":0.4615834355354309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-forensics","display_name":"Digital forensics","score":0.4578210115432739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.45052677392959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.34164685010910034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33587396144866943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.3112209737300873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2666069269180298}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8338700532913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987933465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141130","display_name":"Image manipulation","level":3,"score":0.6223138570785522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42781572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250322","display_name":"Digital image","level":4,"score":0.5754116177558899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.549323558807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5070738792419434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112416745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974213","display_name":"Digital imaging","level":5,"score":0.4615834355354309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84418412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246940","display_name":"Digital forensics","level":2,"score":0.4578210115432739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.45052677392959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.34164685010910034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33587396144866943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.3112209737300873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2666069269180298}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3731243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3731243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":232,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W618024573","https://openalex.org/W1490753124","https://openalex.org/W1515615411","https://openalex.org/W1530404542","https://openalex.org/W1570958768","https://openalex.org/W1585169287","https://openalex.org/W1598042417","https://openalex.org/W1641522613","https://openalex.org/W1856716124","https://openalex.org/W1955437626","https://openalex.org/W1963943170","https://openalex.org/W1967444466","https://openalex.org/W1968164921","https://openalex.org/W1972186641","https://openalex.org/W1973629749","https://openalex.org/W1975528596","https://openalex.org/W1978093332","https://openalex.org/W1982106473","https://openalex.org/W1987535593","https://openalex.org/W1994201691","https://openalex.org/W1994743750","https://openalex.org/W1997127867","https://openalex.org/W1997631810","https://openalex.org/W2001788007","https://openalex.org/W2007994968","https://openalex.org/W2009130368","https://openalex.org/W2009437133","https://openalex.org/W2013576116","https://openalex.org/W2024136472","https://openalex.org/W2029411311","https://openalex.org/W2031357951","https://openalex.org/W2037974317","https://openalex.org/W2044247822","https://openalex.org/W2046686077","https://openalex.org/W2049771774","https://openalex.org/W2050991548","https://openalex.org/W2053860498","https://openalex.org/W2055745001","https://openalex.org/W2061395358","https://openalex.org/W2069759906","https://openalex.org/W2071258698","https://openalex.org/W2071869680","https://openalex.org/W2084641094","https://openalex.org/W2086407934","https://openalex.org/W2086917597","https://openalex.org/W2088134770","https://openalex.org/W2089818991","https://openalex.org/W2093512257","https://openalex.org/W2104116677","https://openalex.org/W2113267006","https://openalex.org/W2115707751","https://openalex.org/W2118090703","https://openalex.org/W2123889042","https://openalex.org/W2136986582","https://openalex.org/W2142694135","https://openalex.org/W2148610715","https://openalex.org/W2149073238","https://openalex.org/W2151496117","https://openalex.org/W2154651279","https://openalex.org/W2155319953","https://openalex.org/W2159244236","https://openalex.org/W2160921722","https://openalex.org/W2162156567","https://openalex.org/W2162963619","https://openalex.org/W2163773153","https://openalex.org/W2167977504","https://openalex.org/W2169439181","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2198175342","https://openalex.org/W2219739727","https://openalex.org/W2220781736","https://openalex.org/W2254294751","https://openalex.org/W2293989420","https://openalex.org/W2407561938","https://openalex.org/W2412509443","https://openalex.org/W2468595924","https://openalex.org/W2495284060","https://openalex.org/W2499181334","https://openalex.org/W2509384312","https://openalex.org/W2514123796","https://openalex.org/W2515389788","https://openalex.org/W2524859829","https://openalex.org/W2531817238","https://openalex.org/W2532188585","https://openalex.org/W2541429634","https://openalex.org/W2554158934","https://openalex.org/W2560026874","https://openalex.org/W2572561073","https://openalex.org/W2579440044","https://openalex.org/W2580671710","https://openalex.org/W2580690807","https://openalex.org/W2597507805","https://openalex.org/W2598783175","https://openalex.org/W2603123944","https://openalex.org/W2605252717","https://openalex.org/W2606134143","https://openalex.org/W2610001287","https://openalex.org/W2615063356","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2621356103","https://openalex.org/W2725210289","https://openalex.org/W2729323373","https://openalex.org/W2736005949","https://openalex.org/W2737955903","https://openalex.org/W2738588019","https://openalex.org/W2743750471","https://openalex.org/W2747722233","https://openalex.org/W2752015292","https://openalex.org/W2753052222","https://openalex.org/W2765982206","https://openalex.org/W2773666902","https://openalex.org/W2788789330","https://openalex.org/W2789746591","https://openalex.org/W2790071740","https://openalex.org/W2798117183","https://openalex.org/W2800146333","https://openalex.org/W2800244499","https://openalex.org/W2800531694","https://openalex.org/W2806156052","https://openalex.org/W2808402081","https://openalex.org/W2809146085","https://openalex.org/W2888822137","https://openalex.org/W2891698925","https://openalex.org/W2894598861","https://openalex.org/W2895286859","https://openalex.org/W2902301960","https://openalex.org/W2902551928","https://openalex.org/W2904419556","https://openalex.org/W2907295878","https://openalex.org/W2909130752","https://openalex.org/W2909509292","https://openalex.org/W2911431704","https://openalex.org/W2911605501","https://openalex.org/W2912305564","https://openalex.org/W2912648825","https://openalex.org/W2914081518","https://openalex.org/W2914911817","https://openalex.org/W2921092418","https://openalex.org/W2925898012","https://openalex.org/W2932248193","https://openalex.org/W2948407537","https://openalex.org/W2952173934","https://openalex.org/W2959930619","https://openalex.org/W2960763646","https://openalex.org/W2962830107","https://openalex.org/W2963270367","https://openalex.org/W2963420272","https://openalex.org/W2963443560","https://openalex.org/W2963678090","https://openalex.org/W2963751765","https://openalex.org/W2963777235","https://openalex.org/W2964146055","https://openalex.org/W2965240382","https://openalex.org/W2965965567","https://openalex.org/W2982763192","https://openalex.org/W2985705680","https://openalex.org/W2991377405","https://openalex.org/W2993563321","https://openalex.org/W2994855290","https://openalex.org/W2998236504","https://openalex.org/W3000214932","https://openalex.org/W3000996870","https://openalex.org/W3011986875","https://openalex.org/W3022968096","https://openalex.org/W3024714934","https://openalex.org/W3027377338","https://openalex.org/W3030970836","https://openalex.org/W3035070091","https://openalex.org/W3035718547","https://openalex.org/W3035757126","https://openalex.org/W3043547428","https://openalex.org/W3045489569","https://openalex.org/W3082623289","https://openalex.org/W3090538384","https://openalex.org/W3090555730","https://openalex.org/W3093217433","https://openalex.org/W3104600317","https://openalex.org/W3113800003","https://openalex.org/W3116585919","https://openalex.org/W3118971208","https://openalex.org/W3120397914","https://openalex.org/W3134428556","https://openalex.org/W3137650580","https://openalex.org/W3140970613","https://openalex.org/W3156885828","https://openalex.org/W3159937784","https://openalex.org/W3168331896","https://openalex.org/W3171227185","https://openalex.org/W3194527924","https://openalex.org/W3195126222","https://openalex.org/W3200611399","https://openalex.org/W3202380028","https://openalex.org/W3207401040","https://openalex.org/W4212832056","https://openalex.org/W4214540501","https://openalex.org/W4214809420","https://openalex.org/W4214845801","https://openalex.org/W4220893202","https://openalex.org/W4225554547","https://openalex.org/W4226358056","https://openalex.org/W4231293494","https://openalex.org/W4236965008","https://openalex.org/W4242978000","https://openalex.org/W4254002004","https://openalex.org/W4255023712","https://openalex.org/W4280579728","https://openalex.org/W4281558368","https://openalex.org/W4285110109","https://openalex.org/W4285117155","https://openalex.org/W4299626558","https://openalex.org/W4301810047","https://openalex.org/W4304142420","https://openalex.org/W4312881598","https://openalex.org/W4321062940","https://openalex.org/W4361003656","https://openalex.org/W4365806366","https://openalex.org/W4366526399","https://openalex.org/W4382405333","https://openalex.org/W4384916008","https://openalex.org/W4386706666","https://openalex.org/W4387968223","https://openalex.org/W4400079403","https://openalex.org/W4400905911","https://openalex.org/W4403577397","https://openalex.org/W4403577524","https://openalex.org/W4403780745","https://openalex.org/W4403792529","https://openalex.org/W4405487763","https://openalex.org/W4407376597","https://openalex.org/W4410459393","https://openalex.org/W6604756355","https://openalex.org/W6858366088"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205142576","https://openalex.org/W3036827782","https://openalex.org/W2081985452","https://openalex.org/W1876178139","https://openalex.org/W1504972346","https://openalex.org/W2951194758","https://openalex.org/W2356087891","https://openalex.org/W2553152692","https://openalex.org/W2593357727","https://openalex.org/W2361205149"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,70,148],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"deep":[3,42,67,159],"learning":[4,43,97,160],"has":[5],"made":[6],"significant":[7,102],"strides,":[8],"especially":[9],"in":[10,17,30,33,44,78,145,158,182],"computer":[11],"vision":[12],"applications":[13],"and,":[14],"more":[15,47],"specifically,":[16],"information":[18],"forensics.":[19],"On":[20],"the":[21,54,75,79,100,107,138,152],"other":[22],"hand,":[23],"data-driven":[24,103],"approaches":[25,94,173],"have":[26],"shown":[27],"much":[28],"promise":[29],"identifying":[31],"manipulations":[32],"images":[34],"and":[35,60,66,95,113,117,126,134,142,155,165,174,180],"videos.":[36],"However,":[37],"most":[38,101],"forensic":[39],"tools":[40],"ignore":[41],"favour":[45],"of":[46,109,137,171],"traditional":[48],"methodologies.":[49],"This":[50,129],"article":[51],"thoroughly":[52],"analyses":[53],"current":[55,153],"state-of-the-art":[56],"methods":[57],"for":[58,140,161],"detecting":[59],"localizing":[61],"image":[62,81,110,162],"alteration":[63],"using":[64],"classical":[65,93],"learning-based":[68],"algorithms.":[69],"addition,":[71,149],"this":[72,146,168,183],"review":[73],"includes":[74],"latest":[76],"developments":[77],"digital":[80],"forensics":[82],"field,":[83],"including":[84],"Convolutional":[85],"Neural":[86],"Networks":[87],"(CNNs),":[88],"while":[89],"incorporating":[90],"insights":[91],"from":[92],"machine":[96],"models.":[98],"Furthermore,":[99],"techniques":[104],"to":[105],"address":[106],"issue":[108],"manipulation":[111,163],"detection":[112,164],"localization":[114],"are":[115],"presented":[116],"segregated":[118],"into":[119],"four":[120],"subtopics:":[121],"copy-move,":[122],"splicing,":[123],"object":[124],"removal,":[125],"contrast":[127],"enhancement.":[128],"study":[130],"provides":[131],"an":[132],"exhaustive":[133],"up-to-date":[135],"survey":[136],"field":[139],"researchers":[141],"practitioners":[143],"working":[144],"domain.":[147],"it":[150],"covers":[151],"challenges":[154],"future":[156,178],"directions":[157],"localization.":[166],"Finally,":[167],"review\u2019s":[169],"discussion":[170],"relevant":[172],"experiments":[175],"will":[176],"aid":[177],"exploration":[179],"development":[181],"field.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-08T07:41:36.138363","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
