{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412673554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3731120.3744604","title":"Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank","display_name":"Unidentified and Confounded? Understanding Two-Tower Models for Unbiased Learning to Rank","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412673554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3731120.3744604"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3731120.3744604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3731120.3744604","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 International ACM SIGIR Conference on Innovative Concepts and Theories in Information Retrieval (ICTIR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023830931","display_name":"Philipp Hager","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5696-9732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135670","display_name":"Amsterdam University of the Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/04dde1554","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135670"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Hager","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5696-9732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135670","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014599862","display_name":"Onno Zoeter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1704-706X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Onno Zoeter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Booking.com, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1704-706X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Booking.com, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031439294","display_name":"Maarten de Rijke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-0202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135670","display_name":"Amsterdam University of the Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/04dde1554","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135670"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maarten de Rijke","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-0202","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135670","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.019,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95361641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"347","last_page":"357"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.58127361536026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.5413181781768799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tower","display_name":"Tower","score":0.5321371555328369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42768779397010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33614033460617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25047069787979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18399092555046082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.11508196592330933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.057626545429229736}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.58127361536026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5413181781768799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777831296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12518","display_name":"Tower","level":2,"score":0.5321371555328369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42768779397010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33614033460617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25047069787979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18399092555046082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.11508196592330933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.057626545429229736}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3731120.3744604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3731120.3744604","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 International ACM SIGIR Conference on Innovative Concepts and Theories in Information Retrieval (ICTIR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W569478347","https://openalex.org/W1511986666","https://openalex.org/W1992549066","https://openalex.org/W2028305748","https://openalex.org/W2090883204","https://openalex.org/W2152314154","https://openalex.org/W2168648059","https://openalex.org/W2340526403","https://openalex.org/W2402441596","https://openalex.org/W2507134384","https://openalex.org/W2566147423","https://openalex.org/W2566523535","https://openalex.org/W2784672094","https://openalex.org/W2898732673","https://openalex.org/W2905569957","https://openalex.org/W2959353218","https://openalex.org/W2972358762","https://openalex.org/W2973172293","https://openalex.org/W2998534896","https://openalex.org/W3028135017","https://openalex.org/W3081149207","https://openalex.org/W3101935024","https://openalex.org/W3115487106","https://openalex.org/W3153981876","https://openalex.org/W3200469137","https://openalex.org/W4283654062","https://openalex.org/W4284672561","https://openalex.org/W4284689925","https://openalex.org/W4288079518","https://openalex.org/W4288280739","https://openalex.org/W4291127115","https://openalex.org/W4307811153","https://openalex.org/W4310895557","https://openalex.org/W4366559947","https://openalex.org/W4385562516","https://openalex.org/W4392384534","https://openalex.org/W6604796190","https://openalex.org/W6688325169","https://openalex.org/W6747597888"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}