{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7106331394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764496","title":"Satellite IoT in Practice: A First Measurement Study on Network Availability, Performance, and Costs","display_name":"Satellite IoT in Practice: A First Measurement Study on Network Availability, Performance, and Costs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7106331394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764496"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3730567.3764496","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764496","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764496","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wenchang Chai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3505-3100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenchang Chai","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jinhong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8028-3732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinhong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ziyue Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3409-2889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyue Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xianjin Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9820-8480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianjin Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuanqing Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3096-687X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanqing Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ningning Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0220-1274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ningning Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5202-7892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Weiwei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4991-4076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiwei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tao Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1350-6639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7312,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7952597,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"891","last_page":"899"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.58160001039505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.58160001039505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.35569998621940613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.010599999688565731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6036999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.5687000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-earth-orbit","display_name":"Low earth orbit","score":0.5187000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.5152000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.49140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-satellite","display_name":"Communications satellite","score":0.4878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.3449999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6036999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5819000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.5687000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018325918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663611","display_name":"Low earth orbit","level":3,"score":0.5187000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.5152000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.49140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.4878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3686999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.36079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779784338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967145","display_name":"Satellite constellation","level":3,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989135121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349167","display_name":"Ground station","level":3,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987528665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854845","display_name":"Earth observation satellite","level":3,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986254709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209588","display_name":"Satellite broadcasting","level":3,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196644772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3884964","display_name":"Orbit (dynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3730567.3764496","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764496","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3730567.3764496","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764496","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5140357613563538,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2313522595","https://openalex.org/W2596324967","https://openalex.org/W2917931339","https://openalex.org/W3093476542","https://openalex.org/W3140307912","https://openalex.org/W3188396886","https://openalex.org/W4282971155","https://openalex.org/W4285815178","https://openalex.org/W4307020315","https://openalex.org/W4307020413","https://openalex.org/W4386260517","https://openalex.org/W4389077011","https://openalex.org/W4396758450","https://openalex.org/W4399688238","https://openalex.org/W4400089081","https://openalex.org/W4405014548","https://openalex.org/W4405031394"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low":[0],"Earth":[1],"Orbit":[2],"(LEO)":[3],"satellites":[4,38],"have":[5],"emerged":[6],"as":[7],"a":[8,90],"space-based":[9],"infrastructure":[10],"to":[11,31,33,78,105,139],"offer":[12],"networking":[13],"services":[14],"anywhere":[15],"on":[16,52,150],"Earth.":[17],"Satellite":[18],"IoTs":[19,137],"enable":[20],"novel":[21],"Direct-to-Satellite":[22],"(DtS)":[23],"connectivity,":[24],"allowing":[25],"IoT":[26,66,123],"devices":[27],"in":[28,120,135],"remote":[29],"areas":[30],"connect":[32],"the":[34,48,56,81,94,114,117,145],"Internet":[35],"via":[36],"LEO":[37],"using":[39],"existing":[40],"terrestrial":[41,140],"technologies":[42],"like":[43],"LoRa.":[44],"This":[45],"paper":[46],"presents":[47],"first-of-its-kind":[49],"measurement":[50],"study":[51,143],"satellite":[53,109,136,154],"IoTs,":[54],"investigating":[55],"practical":[57],"characteristics":[58],"of":[59,84,97,116],"DtS":[60,98],"communications":[61],"and":[62,100,131,147],"their":[63,101],"suitability":[64],"for":[65,108,153],"applications.":[67],"We":[68,127],"deployed":[69],"27":[70],"low-cost":[71],"ground":[72],"stations":[73],"across":[74],"eight":[75],"locations":[76],"worldwide":[77],"passively":[79],"measure":[80],"network":[82],"availability":[83],"multiple":[85],"constellations.":[86],"Our":[87,142],"findings":[88],"reveal":[89],"significant":[91],"gap":[92],"between":[93],"effective":[95],"durations":[96],"connectivity":[99],"theoretical":[102],"durations,":[103],"leading":[104],"intermittent":[106],"connections":[107],"IoTs.":[110,141,155],"Additionally,":[111],"we":[112],"examine":[113],"performance":[115],"Tianqi":[118],"constellation":[119],"supporting":[121],"real-world":[122],"traffic":[124],"(agriculture":[125],"application).":[126],"observed":[128],"longer":[129],"delays":[130],"higher":[132],"power":[133],"consumption":[134],"compared":[138],"identifies":[144],"bottlenecks":[146],"sheds":[148],"light":[149],"potential":[151],"optimizations":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}