{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7106286410","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764483","title":"Analyzing Compliance and Complications of Integrating Internationalized X.509 Certificates","display_name":"Analyzing Compliance and Complications of Integrating Internationalized X.509 Certificates","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7106286410","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764483"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3730567.3764483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764483","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764483","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mingming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9797-6875"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9797-6875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jinfeng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7122-519X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinfeng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7122-519X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yiming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6774-5299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6774-5299","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shenglin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0330-0028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shenglin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0330-0028","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Baojun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-8063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baojun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-8063","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hanqing Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7891-0775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanqing Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7891-0775","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7388-1329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nankai Univeristy, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7388-1329","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nankai Univeristy, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haixin Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0083-733X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haixin Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China and Quancheng Laboratory, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0083-733X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China and Quancheng Laboratory, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64631997,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"851","last_page":"870"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.7900000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.7900000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.06459999829530716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.023600000888109207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-infrastructure","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","score":0.7210999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compliance","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","score":0.5205000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.5080999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.5037999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.44029998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/issuer","display_name":"Issuer","score":0.34200000762939453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72648740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658476","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","level":4,"score":0.7210999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6585000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6093000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5205000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.5080999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.5037999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.44029998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3603000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138170105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337949","display_name":"Issuer","level":2,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500551929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8819","display_name":"Unicode","level":2,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171078966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111029","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96865113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2946816","display_name":"Certificate","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3730567.3764483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764483","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3730567.3764483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764483","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1631722984","https://openalex.org/W1701840134","https://openalex.org/W1828150029","https://openalex.org/W1976919795","https://openalex.org/W2026318655","https://openalex.org/W2104899073","https://openalex.org/W2118226475","https://openalex.org/W2130867912","https://openalex.org/W2241634675","https://openalex.org/W2292038309","https://openalex.org/W2302478242","https://openalex.org/W2576566359","https://openalex.org/W2634547503","https://openalex.org/W2672575173","https://openalex.org/W2785373701","https://openalex.org/W2794584163","https://openalex.org/W2795354477","https://openalex.org/W2952560145","https://openalex.org/W2965754636","https://openalex.org/W2984693548","https://openalex.org/W3034942609","https://openalex.org/W3213073946","https://openalex.org/W4206147779","https://openalex.org/W4220746982","https://openalex.org/W4233819588","https://openalex.org/W4284676027","https://openalex.org/W4298051233","https://openalex.org/W4384155689","https://openalex.org/W4384345745","https://openalex.org/W4385218828","https://openalex.org/W4387873994","https://openalex.org/W4388491123","https://openalex.org/W4391724785","https://openalex.org/W4392714301","https://openalex.org/W4398231523","https://openalex.org/W4402264433","https://openalex.org/W4402264482"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"global":[1,195],"PKI":[2,52,88,196],"supports":[3],"the":[4,60,87,95,132,194],"issuance":[5,28,68],"of":[6,64,115],"Unicerts,":[7,65],"which":[8,116,156],"are":[9],"X.509":[10],"certificates":[11],"that":[12,34],"integrate":[13],"internationalized":[14],"content":[15],"such":[16,149],"as":[17,150],"IDNs":[18],"and":[19,29,44,53,69,80,113,139,145,153,178,186],"multilingual":[20],"text.":[21],"This":[22,57],"integration":[23],"introduces":[24],"complexity":[25],"in":[26,143,193],"Unicert":[27,191],"usage.":[30],"Past":[31],"incidents":[32],"showed":[33],"poor":[35],"Unicode":[36],"handling":[37,146],"can":[38],"cause":[39],"security":[40],"risks,":[41],"including":[42,172],"spoofing":[43],"remote":[45],"code":[46],"execution,":[47],"yet":[48],"threats":[49],"specific":[50],"to":[51,106,159,189],"Unicerts":[54,76,104],"remain":[55],"underexplored.":[56],"paper":[58],"presents":[59],"first":[61],"large-scale":[62],"study":[63],"examining":[66],"both":[67],"parsing":[70,133],"compliance.":[71],"By":[72],"analyzing":[73],"34.8":[74],"million":[75],"from":[77,119,126],"CT":[78,175],"logs":[79],"9":[81],"mainstream":[82],"TLS":[83,135],"libraries,":[84],"we":[85,182],"found":[86],"ecosystem":[89],"struggles":[90],"with":[91],"adopting":[92],"Unicode.":[93],"On":[94,131],"issuing":[96],"side,":[97,134],"373":[98],"issuers":[99],"produced":[100],"249.3K":[101],"(0.72%)":[102],"noncompliant":[103],"due":[105],"weak":[107],"validation":[108],"on":[109],"character":[110],"ranges,":[111],"normalization,":[112],"formatting,":[114],"65.3%":[117],"arise":[118,125],"publicly":[120],"trusted":[121],"CAs.":[122],"These":[123],"issues":[124,142],"overly":[127],"complex":[128],"standard":[129],"requirements.":[130],"libraries":[136],"like":[137],"GnuTLS":[138],"PyOpenSSL":[140],"exhibited":[141],"decoding":[144,152],"special":[147],"characters,":[148],"incompatible":[151],"improper":[154],"escaping,":[155],"could":[157],"lead":[158],"incorrect":[160],"entity":[161],"extraction":[162],"or":[163],"subfield":[164],"forgery.":[165],"We":[166],"further":[167],"empirically":[168],"identified":[169],"threat":[170],"surfaces,":[171],"user":[173],"spoofing,":[174],"monitor":[176],"misleading,":[177],"traffic":[179],"obfuscation.":[180],"Finally,":[181],"analyzed":[183],"root":[184],"causes":[185],"proposed":[187],"recommendations":[188],"enhance":[190],"compliance":[192],"ecosystem.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}