{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7106224850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764473","title":"Roam Without a Home: Unraveling the Airalo Ecosystem","display_name":"Roam Without a Home: Unraveling the Airalo Ecosystem","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7106224850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764473"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3730567.3764473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764473","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764473","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"HyunSeok Daniel Jang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6964-5862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"HyunSeok Daniel Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Matteo Varvello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8500-4630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Varvello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andra Lutu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7361-1257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097190","display_name":"Telef\u00f3nica (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/012f7tj07","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andra Lutu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telefonica Research, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telefonica Research, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yasir Zaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8078-6944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasir Zaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51849488,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"524","last_page":"540"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10651","display_name":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","score":0.2337000072002411,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10651","display_name":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","score":0.2337000072002411,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13194","display_name":"ICT in Developing Communities","score":0.18700000643730164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.12630000710487366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5907999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5898000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.5192000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5162000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gateway","display_name":"Gateway (web page)","score":0.49630001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-access","display_name":"Internet access","score":0.46860000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem","display_name":"Ecosystem","score":0.4047999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-network","display_name":"Global network","score":0.3855000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6118000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5907999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5898000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.5192000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5162000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777710495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5527195","display_name":"Gateway (web page)","level":2,"score":0.49630001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1472399","display_name":"Internet access","level":3,"score":0.46860000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4650999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.4047999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123138037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5570871","display_name":"Global network","level":2,"score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3783999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.37439998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78834623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640394","display_name":"Mobile broadband","level":3,"score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778091849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4959649","display_name":"Breakout","level":2,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40241539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428855","display_name":"Base metal","level":3,"score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.358599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778898898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941618","display_name":"Mobile network operator","level":3,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22041718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638949","display_name":"Geolocation","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3730567.3764473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764473","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3730567.3764473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764473","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5985792279243469,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015365325","https://openalex.org/W2462459635","https://openalex.org/W2783087357","https://openalex.org/W2896068392","https://openalex.org/W2901360802","https://openalex.org/W2981067590","https://openalex.org/W3016001256","https://openalex.org/W3096825561","https://openalex.org/W3132420509","https://openalex.org/W3150821740","https://openalex.org/W3209214819","https://openalex.org/W4387212744","https://openalex.org/W4400215887"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"various":[1],"Mobile":[2],"Network":[3],"Aggregators":[4],"(MNAs)":[5],"have":[6],"emerged,":[7],"leveraging":[8],"the":[9,23,68,98,102,107,111],"coverage":[10],"of":[11,25,43,101,110],"a":[12,40,46,77],"few":[13],"base":[14,53,69,112],"operators":[15,54],"to":[16,58,181],"offer":[17],"global":[18],"connectivity.":[19],"These":[20],"MNAs":[21,86],"reap":[22],"benefits":[24,167],"network":[26],"softwarization":[27],"and":[28,62,134,177,192],"virtualization,":[29],"such":[30],"as":[31],"eSIM":[32,60,138],"technology":[33],"or":[34],"control/data-plane":[35],"separation.":[36],"This":[37],"paper":[38],"explores":[39],"new":[41,185],"type":[42],"MNA":[44,48,79],"\u2014":[45,49],"thick":[47,78],"that":[50,87,94,128,161],"uses":[51],"multiple":[52],"from":[55,106],"different":[56],"regions":[57],"provide":[59],"profiles":[61],"employs":[63],"public":[64,103],"internet":[65,104],"gateways":[66],"outside":[67],"operators'":[70],"home":[71],"countries.":[72,83,158],"Specifically,":[73],"we":[74,92,124],"analyze":[75],"Airalo,":[76],"operating":[80],"in":[81,156,174],"219":[82],"Unlike":[84],"other":[85],"our":[88],"community":[89],"has":[90],"scrutinized,":[91],"show":[93],"Airalo":[95,137],"often":[96],"decouples":[97],"geographical":[99],"location":[100],"gateway":[105],"native":[108],"country":[109],"operator":[113],"via":[114],"IPX":[115],"Hub":[116],"Breakout":[117],"(IHBO).":[118],"To":[119],"map":[120],"Airalo's":[121,147],"underlying":[122],"infrastructure,":[123],"ran":[125],"web-based":[126],"measurements":[127,152],"14":[129],"volunteers":[130],"performed":[131],"while":[132],"traveling":[133],"using":[135],"an":[136],"on":[139],"their":[140],"personal":[141],"devices.":[142],"We":[143,159],"further":[144],"dive":[145],"into":[146],"performance":[148],"by":[149],"running":[150],"device-based":[151],"(speedtest,":[153],"traceroute,":[154],"etc.)":[155],"10":[157],"find":[160],"IHBO,":[162],"despite":[163],"offering":[164],"some":[165],"latency":[166,176],"over":[168],"traditional":[169],"Home-Routed":[170],"Roaming,":[171],"still":[172],"results":[173],"inflated":[175],"degraded":[178],"bandwidth":[179],"compared":[180],"non-roaming":[182],"traffic,":[183],"introducing":[184],"challenges":[186],"for":[187],"user":[188],"experience,":[189],"content":[190],"access,":[191],"privacy.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-23T20:09:44.859080","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}
