{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7106294685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764469","title":"A First Look into Long-lived BGP Zombies","display_name":"A First Look into Long-lived BGP Zombies","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7106294685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764469"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3730567.3764469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764469","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764469","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Iliana Xygkou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1517-4341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118840","display_name":"Science and Technology Park of Crete","ror":"https://ror.org/02ddqp560","country_code":"GR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118840"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Iliana Xygkou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cisco ThousandEyes, Heraklion, Greece and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1517-4341","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cisco ThousandEyes, Heraklion, Greece and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118840"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Antonis Chariton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3420-5568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161504","display_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","ror":"https://ror.org/04tehfn33","country_code":"CH","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161504"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonis Chariton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cisco ThousandEyes, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3420-5568","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cisco ThousandEyes, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xenofontas Dimitropoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2600-7633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I254421610","display_name":"School of Pedagogical and Technological Education","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3r9z94","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I254421610"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xenofontas Dimitropoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cisco ThousandEyes, Heraklion, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2600-7633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cisco ThousandEyes, Heraklion, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I254421610"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Alberto Dainotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6444-5656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Dainotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6444-5656","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118840"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58159496,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"826","last_page":"834"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.6748999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.6748999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.07680000364780426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.0737999975681305,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zombie","display_name":"Zombie","score":0.8500999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/border-gateway-protocol","display_name":"Border Gateway Protocol","score":0.5996999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prefix","display_name":"Prefix","score":0.5648000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5214999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reachability","display_name":"Reachability","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beacon","display_name":"Beacon","score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.39879998564720154}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144446859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219164","display_name":"Zombie","level":2,"score":0.8500999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6700999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178086212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11155","display_name":"Border Gateway Protocol","level":5,"score":0.5996999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141603448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134830","display_name":"Prefix","level":2,"score":0.5648000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5214999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136643341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361526","display_name":"Reachability","level":2,"score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.484499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102168758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7321258","display_name":"Beacon","level":2,"score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101396714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3021187","display_name":"Default-free zone","level":5,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.3450999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9628104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788009","display_name":"Autonomous system (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35341882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8795","display_name":"Internet Protocol","level":3,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985371682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11135","display_name":"Ip address","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23976947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193193","display_name":"Tier 1 network","level":3,"score":0.2648000121116638}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3730567.3764469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764469","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3730567.3764469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3730567.3764469","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121635209","https://openalex.org/W2295583656","https://openalex.org/W2304754665","https://openalex.org/W3094603159","https://openalex.org/W3171281241","https://openalex.org/W3185630782","https://openalex.org/W4238334627","https://openalex.org/W4300490703","https://openalex.org/W4324009402"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BGP":[0,23,69,94,160,181],"is":[1],"the":[2,13,36,47,57,101,106,123,152,157],"de":[3],"facto":[4],"protocol":[5],"used":[6],"to":[7,24,27,43,76,108,129],"manage":[8],"a":[9,39],"network's":[10],"reachability":[11],"on":[12,22,93],"Internet.":[14],"Network":[15],"operators":[16],"announce":[17],"and":[18,49,71,104,112,135,137,139,151],"withdraw":[19],"their":[20,31,72,130,188,212],"prefixes":[21,53],"enable":[25],"or":[26,67,79,82,174],"prevent":[28],"communication":[29],"towards":[30,51],"origin":[32],"network,":[33],"respectively.":[34],"However,":[35],"withdrawal":[37],"of":[38,60,122,133,159,199,209],"prefix":[40],"could":[41,54],"fail":[42],"propagate":[44],"totally":[45],"in":[46,56,169,211],"Internet":[48],"routes":[50,63,166],"withdrawn":[52],"remain":[55],"routing":[58],"tables":[59],"routers.":[61],"These":[62],"are":[64],"called":[65],"stuck":[66],"zombie":[68,165,201],"routes,":[70],"persistence":[73],"can":[74,167,183],"lead":[75],"performance":[77],"degradation,":[78],"even":[80,175],"partial":[81],"complete":[83],"outage.":[84],"In":[85],"this":[86,110],"paper,":[87],"we":[88,118,155,178,195],"first":[89],"revisit":[90],"existing":[91],"work":[92],"zombies":[95,114,182],"using":[96],"RIPE":[97,124],"RIS":[98,125],"beacons,":[99,143],"identify":[100],"double-counting":[102],"discrepancy,":[103],"revise":[105],"methodology":[107],"address":[109,145],"problem":[111],"detect":[113],"more":[115],"accurately.":[116],"Second,":[117],"point":[119],"out":[120],"limitations":[121],"beacons":[126,150],"with":[127,207],"respect":[128],"periodicity,":[131],"lack":[132],"diversity,":[134],"noise,":[136],"introduce":[138],"deploy":[140],"our":[141,149],"own":[142],"which":[144],"these":[146],"limitations.":[147],"Using":[148],"revised":[153],"methodology,":[154],"analyze":[156],"lifespan":[158],"zombies.":[161],"We":[162],"show":[163],"that":[164,180,203],"persist":[168],"RIBs":[170],"for":[171],"days,":[172],"weeks,":[173],"months.":[176],"Furthermore,":[177],"document":[179],"be":[184],"announced":[185],"months":[186],"after":[187],"original":[189],"withdrawal,":[190],"affecting":[191],"new":[192],"ASes.":[193],"Finally,":[194],"discuss":[196],"interesting":[197],"cases":[198],"long-lived":[200],"outbreaks":[202],"affected":[204],"large":[205],"ISPs":[206],"hundreds":[208],"ASes":[210],"customer":[213],"cones.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-23T05:13:22.807545","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}
