{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410790713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729410","title":"GazeFollower: An open-source system for deep learning-based gaze tracking with web cameras","display_name":"GazeFollower: An open-source system for deep learning-based gaze tracking with web cameras","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410790713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729410"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3729410","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220973","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques","issn_l":"2577-6193","issn":["2577-6193"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011946290","display_name":"Gancheng Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4329-4219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gancheng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4329-4219","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067877695","display_name":"Xiaoting Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8849-8057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoting Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8849-8057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028486569","display_name":"Zehao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9701-5708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zehao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9701-5708","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101497447","display_name":"Rong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7394-8454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7394-8454","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000564610","display_name":"Shuai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4457-9240"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianmushan Laboratory, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4457-9240","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianmushan Laboratory, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037505239","display_name":"Zhiguo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4553-0198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiguo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4553-0198","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0042,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85279983,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9746999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9682000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.7868624925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.7034360766410828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.626697301864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5735459327697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5464509725570679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5450459122657776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5211396217346191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5041428804397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.36520835757255554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.17547622323036194}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.7868624925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.7034360766410828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.626697301864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5735459327697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5464509725570679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5450459122657776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5211396217346191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5041428804397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.36520835757255554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.17547622323036194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3729410","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220973","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques","issn_l":"2577-6193","issn":["2577-6193"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1920702274","https://openalex.org/W1976794003","https://openalex.org/W1993793414","https://openalex.org/W2004687611","https://openalex.org/W2005194565","https://openalex.org/W2013112874","https://openalex.org/W2016365934","https://openalex.org/W2022732461","https://openalex.org/W2027222744","https://openalex.org/W2027879843","https://openalex.org/W2030340937","https://openalex.org/W2042906110","https://openalex.org/W2059916030","https://openalex.org/W2062118960","https://openalex.org/W2086095402","https://openalex.org/W2128044671","https://openalex.org/W2142080486","https://openalex.org/W2158363907","https://openalex.org/W2468114283","https://openalex.org/W2557669140","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2593093587","https://openalex.org/W2598992495","https://openalex.org/W2621620968","https://openalex.org/W2765629358","https://openalex.org/W2884915206","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2939489045","https://openalex.org/W2963026768","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2982717194","https://openalex.org/W2994800813","https://openalex.org/W2995088816","https://openalex.org/W3001625344","https://openalex.org/W3010145018","https://openalex.org/W3012028083","https://openalex.org/W3034874253","https://openalex.org/W3086471466","https://openalex.org/W3095319910","https://openalex.org/W3096015486","https://openalex.org/W3096147990","https://openalex.org/W3163269234","https://openalex.org/W3198659451","https://openalex.org/W4280492456","https://openalex.org/W4284674177","https://openalex.org/W4312996499","https://openalex.org/W4367055835","https://openalex.org/W4382680382","https://openalex.org/W4385805120","https://openalex.org/W4386047445","https://openalex.org/W4387523168","https://openalex.org/W4388011807","https://openalex.org/W4390872741","https://openalex.org/W4395470955","https://openalex.org/W4404594873"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W3207760378","https://openalex.org/W1986970529","https://openalex.org/W2562758970","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W3196371174"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gaze-tracking":[0],"has":[1,114],"a":[2,73,89,121],"wide":[3],"range":[4],"of":[5,98,117,123],"applications":[6],"across":[7],"scientific":[8],"and":[9,12,16,33,59,120,126,137],"industrial":[10],"fields,":[11],"recent":[13],"computer":[14],"vision":[15],"deep-learning":[17],"advances":[18],"have":[19],"made":[20],"gaze-tracking":[21,45],"with":[22,72,103],"standard":[23],"webcams":[24],"possible.":[25],"However,":[26],"current":[27],"solutions":[28],"only":[29],"offer":[30],"suboptimal":[31],"performance":[32,97],"lack":[34],"flexibility.":[35],"This":[36],"paper":[37],"introduces":[38],"GazeFollower,":[39],"an":[40,115],"accessible":[41],"system":[42],"for":[43,51,147],"webcam":[44],"in":[46],"Python.":[47],"GazeFollower":[48,69,99,113,144],"stands":[49],"out":[50],"its":[52,67],"customizability,":[53],"allowing":[54],"researchers":[55],"to":[56,62,134],"quickly":[57],"develop":[58],"adapt":[60],"algorithms":[61],"meet":[63],"their":[64],"needs.":[65],"At":[66],"core,":[68],"estimates":[70],"gaze":[71,83],"model":[74,128],"trained":[75],"on":[76,88,101],"32":[77],"million":[78],"face":[79],"images,":[80],"ensuring":[81],"robust":[82],"tracking.":[84],"A":[85],"benchmark":[86],"test":[87],"sizeable":[90],"sample":[91],"(N=31)":[92],"shows":[93],"that":[94,143],"the":[95],"tracking":[96],"is":[100],"par":[102],"or":[104],"better":[105],"than":[106],"budget":[107],"commercial":[108],"eye":[109],"trackers.":[110],"With":[111],"calibration,":[112],"accuracy":[116],"1.11":[118],"cm":[119,136],"precision":[122],"0.11":[124],"cm,":[125],"personalized":[127],"fine-tuning":[129],"further":[130],"enhances":[131],"these":[132],"metrics":[133],"0.92":[135],"0.08":[138],"cm.":[139],"These":[140],"results":[141],"suggest":[142],"holds":[145],"potential":[146],"real-world":[148],"applications.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
