{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411449804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729357","title":"Zero-Shot Cross-Domain Code Search without Fine-Tuning","display_name":"Zero-Shot Cross-Domain Code Search without Fine-Tuning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411449804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729357"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3729357","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729357","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663975","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on software engineering.","issn_l":"2994-970X","issn":["2994-970X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.07740","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071264607","display_name":"K.M. Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4613-247X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keyu Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4613-247X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102825823","display_name":"Zhongxin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1981-1626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongxin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1981-1626","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101600108","display_name":"Chao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8283-9146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8283-9146","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060428816","display_name":"Zhiyuan Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7657-6653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7657-6653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081036622","display_name":"David Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4367-7201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4367-7201","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101577570","display_name":"Xiaohu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4111-4189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4111-4189","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8744,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.932959,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"FSE","first_page":"1937","last_page":"1959"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8179090619087219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6345072388648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5463687181472778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5265331864356995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.4366544187068939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40070217847824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.36490440368652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3260752558708191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2740270495414734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07672223448753357}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8179090619087219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6345072388648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5463687181472778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5265331864356995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4366544187068939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40070217847824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.36490440368652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3260752558708191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2740270495414734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07672223448753357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3729357","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729357","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663975","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on software engineering.","issn_l":"2994-970X","issn":["2994-970X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.07740","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.07740","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.07740","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.07740","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.07740","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.07740","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G260358288","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202420","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5332036567","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-NRFI08-2022-0002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7169835300","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-NRFI08-2022-0002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G875168909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-NRFI08-2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411449804.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411449804.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543330234","https://openalex.org/W1990888989","https://openalex.org/W2070111972","https://openalex.org/W2104561662","https://openalex.org/W2148972377","https://openalex.org/W2247374552","https://openalex.org/W2293265747","https://openalex.org/W2604794021","https://openalex.org/W2606555609","https://openalex.org/W2772833636","https://openalex.org/W2794601162","https://openalex.org/W2805788202","https://openalex.org/W2899575547","https://openalex.org/W2911282308","https://openalex.org/W3089202867","https://openalex.org/W3089515198","https://openalex.org/W3094700537","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W3109716606","https://openalex.org/W3156836409","https://openalex.org/W3176015924","https://openalex.org/W3186082450","https://openalex.org/W3198685994","https://openalex.org/W3203911409","https://openalex.org/W3209943551","https://openalex.org/W4205807230","https://openalex.org/W4221166942","https://openalex.org/W4230153112","https://openalex.org/W4233907442","https://openalex.org/W4234477270","https://openalex.org/W4235952395","https://openalex.org/W4238846128","https://openalex.org/W4239932879","https://openalex.org/W4246112779","https://openalex.org/W4250325350","https://openalex.org/W4252076394","https://openalex.org/W4253526289","https://openalex.org/W4284679990","https://openalex.org/W4312301942","https://openalex.org/W4312927344","https://openalex.org/W4382239685","https://openalex.org/W4384154386","https://openalex.org/W4384155563","https://openalex.org/W4384345669","https://openalex.org/W4384345795","https://openalex.org/W4384347367","https://openalex.org/W4385573657","https://openalex.org/W4387302738","https://openalex.org/W4387321091","https://openalex.org/W4389519225","https://openalex.org/W4389519352","https://openalex.org/W4389544442","https://openalex.org/W4390975090","https://openalex.org/W4391558635","https://openalex.org/W4400530533","https://openalex.org/W4401042451","https://openalex.org/W4401856724","https://openalex.org/W4401863619"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972035260","https://openalex.org/W4301594054","https://openalex.org/W2794488505","https://openalex.org/W3125889879","https://openalex.org/W3124422538","https://openalex.org/W2295467472","https://openalex.org/W2097909533","https://openalex.org/W3125188128","https://openalex.org/W2144398666","https://openalex.org/W3081644756"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code":[0],"search":[1,38,145,166,300,313,350],"is":[2,96],"a":[3,19,51,78,83,130,220,242,253,286],"crucial":[4],"task":[5],"in":[6,45,68,77,82,86,147,191,248,326],"software":[7],"engineering,":[8],"aiming":[9],"to":[10,18,50,75,119,140,158,182,234,240,296,343],"retrieve":[11],"code":[12,37,105,136,144,165,194,226,246,254,262,268,312,349],"snippets":[13],"that":[14,290,305,337],"are":[15,33,338],"semantically":[16],"relevant":[17],"natural":[20],"language":[21],"query.":[22,257],"Recently,":[23],"Pre-trained":[24],"Language":[25,237],"Models":[26,238],"(PLMs)":[27],"have":[28],"shown":[29],"remarkable":[30],"success":[31],"and":[32,117,173,210,251,265,271,280,317,324],"widely":[34],"adopted":[35],"for":[36,93,102,115,123,129,134,224,244,255],"tasks.":[39],"However,":[40],"PLM-based":[41,311],"methods":[42,74],"often":[43,71],"struggle":[44],"cross-domain":[46,104,135,143,193,225,348],"scenarios.":[47],"When":[48],"applied":[49],"new":[52,69],"domain,":[53,125],"they":[54],"typically":[55],"require":[56],"extensive":[57],"fine-tuning":[58,116],"with":[59],"substantial":[60,112],"data.":[61],"Even":[62],"worse,":[63],"the":[64,98,127,149,160,184,199,203,215,249,266,298,309,346],"data":[65,92],"scarcity":[66],"problem":[67],"domains":[70],"forces":[72],"these":[73,187,292],"operate":[76],"zero-shot":[79,103,142,192,232,347],"setting,":[80],"resulting":[81],"significant":[84],"decline":[85],"performance.":[87],"RAPID,":[88,352],"which":[89,353],"generates":[90],"synthetic":[91],"model":[94],"fine-tuning,":[95],"currently":[97],"only":[99],"effective":[100],"method":[101],"search.":[106,137,195,227],"Despite":[107],"its":[108],"effectiveness,":[109],"RAPID":[110],"demands":[111],"computational":[113],"resources":[114],"needs":[118],"maintain":[120],"specialized":[121],"models":[122],"each":[124,245,256],"underscoring":[126],"need":[128],"zero-shot,":[131,221],"fine-tuning-free":[132,222],"approach":[133,223,289,307,333,351],"The":[138],"key":[139],"tackling":[141],"lies":[146],"bridging":[148],"gaps":[150],"among":[151,202],"domains.":[152],"In":[153],"this":[154],"work,":[155],"we":[156,217],"propose":[157,218],"break":[159],"query-code":[161],"matching":[162,172,189,205,276],"process":[163],"of":[164,186,322,345],"into":[167],"two":[168,188],"simpler":[169],"tasks:":[170],"query-comment":[171],"code-code":[174,211],"matching.":[175,212],"We":[176],"first":[177,230],"conduct":[178],"an":[179,320],"empirical":[180],"study":[181],"investigate":[183],"effectiveness":[185],"schemas":[190],"Our":[196,332],"findings":[197],"highlight":[198],"strong":[200],"complementarity":[201],"three":[204,275,293,330],"schemas,":[206],"i.e.,":[207,315],"query-code,":[208,278],"query-comment,":[209,279],"Based":[213],"on":[214],"findings,":[216],"CodeBridge,":[219],"Specifically,":[228],"CodeBridge":[229,284],"employs":[231],"prompting":[233],"guide":[235],"Large":[236],"(LLMs)":[239],"generate":[241],"comment":[243],"snippet":[247],"codebase":[250],"produce":[252],"Subsequently,":[258],"it":[259],"encodes":[260],"queries,":[261],"snippets,":[263],"comments,":[264],"generated":[267,281],"using":[269],"PLMs":[270],"assesses":[272],"similarities":[273],"through":[274],"schemas:":[277],"code-code.":[282],"Lastly,":[283],"leverages":[285],"sampling-based":[287],"fusion":[288],"combines":[291],"similarity":[294],"scores":[295],"rank":[297],"final":[299],"outcomes.":[301],"Experimental":[302],"results":[303,336],"show":[304],"our":[306],"outperforms":[308],"state-of-the-art":[310],"approaches,":[314],"CoCoSoDa":[316],"UniXcoder,":[318],"by":[319],"average":[321],"21.4%":[323],"24.9%":[325],"MRR,":[327],"respectively,":[328],"across":[329],"datasets.":[331],"also":[334],"yields":[335],"better":[339],"than":[340],"or":[341],"comparable":[342],"those":[344],"requires":[354],"costly":[355],"fine-tuning.":[356]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-17T09:13:05.818461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
