{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411449886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729353","title":"LookAhead: Preventing DeFi Attacks via Unveiling Adversarial Contracts","display_name":"LookAhead: Preventing DeFi Attacks via Unveiling Adversarial Contracts","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411449886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729353"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3729353","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663975","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on software engineering.","issn_l":"2994-970X","issn":["2994-970X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729353","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shoupeng Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6440-3800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoupeng Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6440-3800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102027390","display_name":"Lipeng He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1802-7394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lipeng He","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1802-7394","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118337482","display_name":"Tian-Yu Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9776-5610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9776-5610","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Di Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4785-706X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4785-706X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100414620","display_name":"Jian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6796-6828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6796-6828","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000596496","display_name":"Kui Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3441-6277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kui Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3441-6277","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100373367","display_name":"Chun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6198-7481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6198-7481","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.072,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97142083,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"FSE","first_page":"1847","last_page":"1869"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.9432471990585327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7114213109016418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.7004097700119019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.6373722553253174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5863616466522217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5580014586448669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5047527551651001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.46494972705841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.44722193479537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4153619408607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3857881426811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.15896031260490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13257190585136414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.08402296900749207}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.9432471990585327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7114213109016418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.7004097700119019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.6373722553253174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5863616466522217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5580014586448669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5047527551651001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.46494972705841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.44722193479537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4153619408607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3857881426811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.15896031260490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13257190585136414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.08402296900749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3729353","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663975","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on software engineering.","issn_l":"2994-970X","issn":["2994-970X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3729353","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3729353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663975","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on software engineering.","issn_l":"2994-970X","issn":["2994-970X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2595976459","https://openalex.org/W2955447707","https://openalex.org/W2963465913","https://openalex.org/W2964144608","https://openalex.org/W2998019984","https://openalex.org/W3008357810","https://openalex.org/W3013391778","https://openalex.org/W3016124762","https://openalex.org/W3133932565","https://openalex.org/W3211314335","https://openalex.org/W4226411519","https://openalex.org/W4281638018","https://openalex.org/W4293545213","https://openalex.org/W4312660944","https://openalex.org/W4362509534","https://openalex.org/W4367047212","https://openalex.org/W4384155542","https://openalex.org/W4385080392","https://openalex.org/W4390204305","https://openalex.org/W4392309340","https://openalex.org/W4394745234"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4310988119","https://openalex.org/W4285226279","https://openalex.org/W4288019534"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"exploitation":[1,89],"of":[2,43,90,107,177,180,194,200],"smart":[3],"contract":[4],"vulnerabilities":[5],"in":[6,12,57,66,114,155],"Decentralized":[7],"Finance":[8],"(DeFi)":[9],"has":[10],"resulted":[11],"financial":[13],"losses":[14],"exceeding":[15],"3":[16],"billion":[17],"US":[18],"dollars.":[19],"Existing":[20],"defense":[21],"mechanisms":[22],"primarily":[23],"focus":[24,100],"on":[25,72,80,101,184],"detecting":[26,137],"and":[27,151,173],"reacting":[28],"to":[29,52,87,119,158,204],"adversarial":[30,104,108,142,156,168],"transactions":[31,48],"executed":[32],"by":[33],"attackers":[34],"that":[35,75,99,164,189],"target":[36],"victim":[37,91],"contracts.":[38,143],"However,":[39,110],"with":[40,209],"the":[41,73,88,205],"emergence":[42],"private":[44],"transaction":[45],"pools":[46],"where":[47],"are":[49],"sent":[50],"directly":[51],"miners":[53],"without":[54],"first":[55],"appearing":[56],"public":[58],"mempools,":[59],"current":[60],"detection":[61,94],"tools":[62],"face":[63],"significant":[64],"challenges":[65],"identifying":[67,102],"attack":[68,77,147],"activities":[69],"effectively.":[70],"Based":[71],"fact":[74],"most":[76],"logic":[78],"rely":[79],"deploying":[81],"intermediate":[82],"contracts":[83,105,157,169],"as":[84],"supporting":[85],"components":[86],"contracts,":[92],"novel":[93],"methods":[95],"have":[96,117],"been":[97],"proposed":[98],"these":[103],"instead":[106],"transactions.":[109],"previous":[111,206],"state-of-the-art":[112,207],"approaches":[113],"this":[115,128],"direction":[116],"failed":[118],"produce":[120],"results":[121],"satisfactory":[122],"enough":[123],"for":[124,136],"real-world":[125],"deployment.":[126],"In":[127],"paper,":[129],"we":[130],"propose":[131],"LookAhead,":[132],"a":[133,210],"new":[134],"framework":[135],"DeFi":[138],"attacks":[139],"via":[140],"unveiling":[141],"LookAhead":[144,190],"leverages":[145],"common":[146],"patterns,":[148],"code":[149],"semantics":[150],"intrinsic":[152],"characteristics":[153],"found":[154],"train":[159],"Machine":[160],"Learning":[161],"(ML)-based":[162],"classifiers":[163],"can":[165],"effectively":[166],"distinguish":[167],"from":[170],"benign":[171],"ones":[172],"make":[174],"timely":[175],"predictions":[176],"different":[178],"types":[179],"potential":[181],"attacks.":[182],"Experiments":[183],"our":[185],"labeled":[186],"datasets":[187],"show":[188],"achieves":[191],"an":[192,198],"F1-score":[193],"0.8966,":[195],"which":[196],"represents":[197],"improvement":[199],"over":[201],"44.4%":[202],"compared":[203],"solution,":[208],"False":[211],"Positive":[212],"Rate":[213],"at":[214],"only":[215],"0.16%.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}